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US 8,286,425B2 78 radially inwardly between the fairings 38 and through the in?ow radial passage 32, as indicated by an arrow 78 in FIG. 5. In contrast, air does not ?ow through the out?ow radial passage 40 because the radial out?ow noZZle vanes 72 remain inthefullyclosedpositionshowninFIGS.8and9,generally blockingair?ow intheinwardlyradialdirection.Any pres sure applied in an inwardly radial direction upstream of the vanes 72 further urges the tails 72b to pivot against the adja centheads7211,therebyfurtherblockingofftheradialout?ow noZZle vanes 72. As theair?ows radiallyinwardlybetweenthefairings38 andthroughthein?owradialpassage32inresponsetothefall of the oscillating water column 14 and the resulting vacuum createdwithinthewavechamber22,theair?ow contactsthe radial in?ow noZZle vanes 66, causing the vanes 66 to pivot in a clockwise direction, as viewed in FIG. 7, from their fully closed position to an open position in which the respective tails 66b ofthe vanes 66 have moved away from the heads 66a of the corresponding adjacent vanes 66 that the tails 66b contactwhenthevanes66areintheirfullyclosedposition.As 20 a result, air is permitted to ?ow between the vanes 66. By ?owing between the radial in?ow vanes 66, the air is directed toadesirablevelocityClandswirlangle(x1,thatis,theangle the ?uid velocity makes with a tangent to a cylinder concen tricwiththevertically-extendingcenteraxis25.Theaircon 25 tinuesto?ow radiallyinwardlytowardandthenbetweenthe radialin?owturbinebuckets58,therebycausingthebuckets 58 and thus the turbine wheel 46 to rotate about the vertically extending center axis 25. In response to the rotation of the turbinewheel46,theshaft48rotates,therebysupplying30 mechanical rotational shaft energy to the generator 16. The ring56,theradialout?owturbinebuckets62andthering60 rotate along with the buckets 58, the turbine wheel 46 and the shaft 48, with the non-active buckets 62 rotating in a quies centZoneof?uid.Afterexitingtheradialin?owturbine35 buckets58,theaircontinuestotravelradiallyinwardandthen axiallydownwardthroughthe?owregion27,asindicatedby an arrow 80 shown in FIG. 5. In an exemplary embodiment, axial-radialstationaryvanesmay beprovideddownstreamof thebuckets58tominimiZetheeffectofanyresidualstageexit40 swirl velocity due to the general decrease in streamline radius. The air ?ows downward through the radial louver damper 64, which provides more radial-axial surfaces to fur ther inhibit undesirable swirl velocities. The air continues to ?owdownwardthroughthe?owregion27,whichfunctions45 as a conical diffuser to recover some of the in?ow stage velocity loss. The air exits the ?ow region 27 and enters the wave chamber 22. 22,theair?ow contactstheradialout?ownoZZlevanes72, causingthevanestopivotinacounterclockwisedirection,as viewed in FIG. 8, from their fully closed position to an open positioninwhichtherespectivetails72bofthevanes72have moved away from the heads 72a of the corresponding adja centvanes 72 thatthetails72b contactwhen thevanes 72 are intheirfullyclosedposition.As aresult,airispermittedto ?ow between the vanes 72. In several exemplary embodi ments, the vanes 72 pivot to a fully open position, that is, a position in which the respective tails 72b of the vanes 72 contact respective stop ribs (shown in and described below with reference to FIGS. 10 and 11) radially positioned between the vanes 72 and the buckets 62 and thus the vanes 72 arepreventedfrompivotinganyfurtherinacounterclockwise direction, as viewed in FIG. 8. These stop ribs are positioned circumferentially with respect to noZZle vanes 72 such that thecenterofpressureoftheair?ow overthenoZZlevanes72 goes through the stop ribs. After the vanes 72 make contact with the stop ribs, the air ?ow only applies a direct force againstthestopribandnolongerimpartsamomentorrota tion torque about the pins 76a and 76b to the noZZle vanes 72. The air continues to ?ow radially outward towards, and then between, the radial out?ow turbine buckets 62, thereby causing the buckets 62 and thus the ring 60, the ring 56, the radialin?owturbinebuckets58andtheturbinewheel46to rotate about the vertically-extending center axis 25. The non active buckets 58 rotate in a quiescent Zone of ?uid. In response to the rotation of the turbine wheel 46, the shaft 48 rotates,therebysupplyingmechanicalrotationalshaftenergy tothegenerator16.Theradialin?ownoZZlevanes66,the radial in?ow turbine buckets 58, the radial out?ow noZZle vanes 72 and the radial out?ow turbine buckets 62 are con ?gured so that the shaft 48 rotates in the same direction irrespective of the direction of motive ?uid ?ow, that is, regardlessofwhethertheoscillatingwatercolumn14isrising or failing and thus whether air is ?owing through the in?ow radial passage 32 or the out?ow radial passage 40. After exiting the radial out?ow turbine buckets 62, the air continues to travel radially outwardly through the out?ow radialpassage40,asindicatedbythearrow82inFIG.5. Thus,airexitstheradial?ow turbine12viatheout?owradial passage 40 in a radial direction that is opposite to the radial directioninwhichtheair?ows when enteringtheradial?ow turbine 12 via the in?ow radial passage 32. The out?ow radial passage40isshapedtofunctionasaradialdiffusertomini miZe exit velocity losses, and may be turned axially away fromtheinletofthein?owradialpassage32toallowoptimal area distribution for both passages, as shown in FIG. 5. Duringtheoperationoftheenergyconversionsystem10, optimal?owperformanceisprovidedatleastinpartbythe duplex?ow con?gurationoftheradial?ow turbine12,thatis, the individual in?ow and out?ow turbine ?uid passages (the in?ow radial passage 32 and the out?ow radial passage 40, respectively). Further, since the in?ow radial passage 32 and the out?ow radial passage 40 are largely ?uidically de-coupled from one another (except for the shared connect ingpassageincludingthe?ow region27tothewavechamber 22),thevanes66,thevanes72,thebuckets58andthebuckets When theoscillatingwatercolumn14rises,theairwithin thewavechamber22iscompressed,causingtheairto?ow 50 axially upwardly through the ?ow region 27. The air then turns radially outward and ?ows between the radial out?ow noZZle vanes 72, between the radial out?ow turbine buckets 62,throughtheout?owradialpassage40,andoutoftheradial ?ow turbine 12, as indicated by an arrow 82 in FIG. 5. In 55 contrast,airdoesnot?ow betweentheradialin?owturbine buckets 58, between the radial in?ow noZZle vanes 66, and throughthein?owradialpassage32becausetheradialin?ow noZZlevanes66remaininthefullyclosedposition,generally 62canbeindividuallyoptimiZed.Stilfurther,thecompliant blockingair?owintheoutwardlyradialdirection.Anypres 60 sure applied in an outward radial direction upstream of the vanes 66 further urges the tails 66b of the vanes 66 to pivot againsttheheads66aoftheadjacentvanes66,therebyfurther blocking offthe radial in?ow noZZle vanes 66. Astheair?owsradiallyoutwardlybetweentheribs74in65 responsetotheriseoftheoscillatingwatercolumn 14 andthe resulting pressure increase created within the wave chamber mountingofeachofthevanes66and72allowsforpassive ?ow re-direction without valves, dampers or active position sensors and controls, thereby achieving greater reliability, especiallyunderharshoperatingconditionsassociatedwith, forexample,bodiesofwatersuchasoceans.Theradialin?ow ofairinto,andtheradialout?owofairfrom,theradial?ow turbine 12 allows for an axially compact design that can be readilyoverhungfromtheshaft48.Yetstilfurther,sinceairPDF Image | ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM WITH DUPLEX RADIAL FLOW TURBINE
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