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US 2010/0101978A1 Apr.29,2010 FLOW-THROUGH CAVITATION-ASSISTED RAPIDMODIFICATIONOFCRUDE OIL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] Theinventionrelatesgenerallytothecontrolled formation of cavitation bubbles that serve as autonomous chemical mini-reactors and use the energy released during implosion of these bubbles to rapidly alter complex hydro carbonmixtures. [0002] Moreparticularly,theinventionrelatestomodi?ca tion of conventional and non-conventional oil by a ?oW through hydrodynamic cavitation and utiliZes cavitation bubble energy for improving homogeny, viscosity, API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity and other physical properties.This inventionmay ?nd applicationsintheoil/fuel industryandsyntheticchemistry [0003] Moreover,thepresentinventionrelatestoamethod thatsubjectspetroleum,lique?edshaleoilandcomplexmix turesofhydrocarbonsto?oW-throughhydrodynamiccavita tion for a period of time suf?cient for alteration of chemical composition,conversionofcompounds,obtainingupgraded productWithhigheryieldofdistillatefuels. [0004] Oilisanaturallyoccurringnon-reneWablesourceof energy. Similar to other fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, itformed from the fossiliZedremains ofplants and ani mals.Overmillionsofyears,thedecayhasbeentranslocating intotheEarth’scrust,Where ittransformedintooilunderheat and pressure. logsofasphaltenes),heteroaromaticsofoxygen,nitrogen and/orsulfur(?rstacidaf?ns),andstraightandbranched chain and/or cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons (ole?ns, sec ondacidaf?ns). [0008] Petroleumheavycrudesandresiduesaresuspen sionsofasphaltenecolloidsstabiliZedbyresins.The smallest colloidparticlesthatare2-4nm indiameterformclusters (asphaltene micelles) With a siZe of 10-30 nm. Further aggre gation leads to the formation of ?ocs and macrostructures (Evdokimov et al., 2001). Thus, conventional and non-con ventional oil are non-Newtonian ?uids. [0009] Althoughthemechanicalbehaviorof?uidsischar acteriZedbyaconstantviscosity,thisapproachinadequately describes non-Newtonian ?uids. The relation betWeen the shear stress and the strain rate of such ?uids is nonlinear and oftentime-dependent.Althoughaconstantcoef?cientofvis cosity cannot be de?ned for a non-Newtonian ?uid, it is possible to de?ne a ratio betWeen shear stress and rate of strain,ashear-dependentviscosity,especiallyfor?uidsWith no time-dependent behavior. Non-Newtonian ?uids are stud iedbymeasuringrheologicalpropertiesandthecontinuum mechanics calculations. [0010] SincehydrocarbonsofdifferentmolecularWeights and structures boil at different temperatures, crude oil is tra ditionallyseparatedintofractionsviafractionaldistillation, Which has become the main re?ning technique. The residual heaviest fraction obtained by fractional distillation is called re?ned bitumen. lt boils at 5250 C. Oil fractionation is con ductedatelevatedtemperaturesandpressuresinthepresence of hydrogen or steam and Zeolite catalysts, Which require continuous regeneration. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the most ef?cient process for oil upgrading in industrial prac tice,buthightemperature(400-5000C.)andpressure(upto 100 atm) are both required. The harsh conditions and safety considerationsplaceconstraintsandlimitationsonre?nery’s material. These methods are expensive and energy consum mg. [0005] Apartfromconventionaloil,producedbythetradi tionalWellmethod,non-conventionaloilisproducedbyvery different methods. Sources of non-conventional oil include among otherstarsands(oilsand),oilshaleandheavyoil.The extractionofoilfromsandsrequireseitherstripminingorin situ processing With steam and caustic soda. The shale oil contains kerogen, Which can be converted into fuels. ItWas estimatedthatonly30% oftheshaleoildepositsmeetthe economic requirement of 25 gallons of oil per 1 ton of shale, ofWhichonly15%ispresentlyrecoverable.There?nement [0011] BecauseFCCdoesnotopenthearomaticstructures, ofshaleoilisverydif?cultandrequireslargequantitiesofgas and Water, Which negatively affects its economic value. Heavy oils are very viscous, ranging from heavy molasses to solids at ambient temperature and cannot be transported and re?ned by conventional methods. They may contain high levelsofsulfur,trappedgasesandheavymetalsandpossessa speci?cgravitysimilartothatofWater. bitumen-derived heavy vacuum distillate or vacuum gas oil (VG0) arepoorfeedstocks.Atthepresenttime,upgradingof bitumen,Whichiscomposedprimarilyofhighlycondensed polycyclic aromatics and exhibits high heterogeneity and sta bility, is extremely costly. To increase yield of gasoline, multi-ring aromatic compounds are to be saturated to single ringaromaticsinafeedpretreater.Hydrogenaddedafterthis steploWersbothgasolineyieldandoctanenumber. [0006] Oilisanon-uniform?uidandconsistsofheavy compoundsdispersedinlightcrude,rangingfromstraight [0012] Distillatefuelssuchasgasoline,turbo-jetfuel,and and branched chain and cyclic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons to complex aromatics and asphalt (bitumen). Bitumen is usually called the hydrocarbon content of heavy oilsandtarsanddeposits.Itisblack,highlyviscous,sticky, and soluble in carbon disul?de. diesel fuel are used in internal combustion engines to convert chemicalenergyandheatintomechanicalenergy.Gasolineis afueldesignedfortheOtto-cycle4-strokeengine.Itcontains hydrocarbons With a carbon number ranging from 4 to 10 (C4-Cl0). Other distillate fuels include diesel, kerosene, turbo-jetfuel,andheatingoil.DieselhasaloWerboilingpoint [0007] Asphaltisacolloid,Withasphaltenesasthedis persedphaseandmaltenesasthecontinuousphase.Asphalt thangasolineandislesscostlyinproduction.Insteadofspark enes consist of condensed aromatics With side chains up to plugs,thedieselenginereliesoncompressionandtheheating C30, hetero-aromatics With sulfur in benZothiophene rings, ofairtocauseignition.HoWever,highlevelsofcontaminants nitrogeninpyrroleandpyridinerings,polyfunctionalmol inengineexhaustgasrequiredieselfueltoundergoadditional ecules With sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen in the chemical groupssuchas,forexample,thiol,aminoandketo,hydroxyl, and carboxylic, correspondingly, and porphyrin-complexes of nickel and vanadium. Maltenes are soluble in n-alkanes (pentane or heptane). They contain straight or branched chain saturatedhydrocarbons(saturates),cyclicsaturatedhydro [0013] Ithasbeenreportedthatelevatedpressureand carbons (cycloalkanes or naphthenes), resins (smaller ana increased temperature supplied by acoustic and hydrody puri?cationby?ltration,drivingitscostup.AsWithFCC,the methods for upgrading oil and complex hydrocarbon mix tures are performed at high temperature and pressure in the presence of catalysts that must be constantly regenerated. These methods are highly expensive and energy consuming.PDF Image | FLOW THROUGH CAVITATION ASSISTED
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