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US 2010/0101978A1 Apr.29,2010 namic cavitation activate many processes and accelerate a number of chemical reactions. The formation of bubbles in a ?uidiseasytoobserve,When itstemperatureapproachesthe boilingpoint.An increaseinthehydrostaticpressureofa?uid Willsuppresstheformationofbubbles.Ifthe?uidissubjected to a sound Wave treatment or passes through a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor at a proper velocity, cavitation bubbles form as a result of a decrease in ?uid pressure (Bemoulli’s principle). The concentration of cavitation bubbles reaches hundreds in a cubic centimeter of the cavitated ?uid. [0014] Oncethebubblesarecreated,theycanremainsta tionary restricting the ?oW and taking up space normally occupiedbythe?uid.Thiscausesaresistancetothe?oW and increases the pressure. Ifthe bubbles move and relocate into ahighpressureZone,theyWillimplode(reversedBemoulli’s principle) Within 10_8-10_6 seconds, resulting in a drastic increaseinbothpressure(~1,000atm)andtemperature(~5, 000°C.),andformationoflocaljetstreamsWiththevelocities of100m/sandhigher(Suslick,1989;Didenkoetal.,1999; Suslick et al., 1999; Young 1999). The sudden collapse releases a signi?cant amount of energy in the form of shock Wave,vigorousshearingforces,andlocaliZedheating,Which either initiate chemical reactions and processes or dissipate intothesurrounding?uid.Theseactivategasphasemolecules located in the bubbles and in the surrounding liquid and initiate chemical reactions. In some cases, cavitation bubble implosion is accompanied by emission of ultraviolet and/or visiblelightmakingitpossibleforphotochemicalreactionsto proceed. [0015] Theformationoflargemolecularmatrices,arrays and pseudo-polymeric systems play an important role in oil processing,resultinginitshighsurfacetensionandviscosity, andnon-NeWtonianbehavior.Any disruptionoftheselarge molecular associations, particles, agglomerates or pseudo polymeric interactions leads to alteration of oil properties. [0016] Thecavitationphenomenoniscategorizedbythe dimensionless cavitation number CV, Which can be math ematicallyrepresentedas:Cv:(P—Pv)/0.5pV2,WherePisthe recovered pressure doWnstream of a constriction, Pv is the vaporpressureofthe?uid,Vistheaveragevelocityofthe ?uid at the constriction, and p is the ?uid density. The cavi tation number, at Which cavitation starts, is called cavitation inception number Cvi. Ideally, the cavitation starts at CV51, and there are signi?cant cavitational effects at CV less than 1 (Gogate,2008;Passandideh-FardandRoohi,2008).Another importanttermistheprocessingratio,Whichisthenumberof cavitation events in a unit of ?oW. [0017] Whileextremepressureortremendousheatcanbe disadvantageous, the outcome of the controlled treatments is often highly bene?cial. Lin andYen (1993) carried out crack ingofasphaltenes,WhicharerefractoryforFCC anddeacti vatecatalystseveninmildconditions,usingultrasoundcavi tation, sodium borohydride as a hydrogen source, and a surfactant to prevent recombination and disproportionation ofasphalteneradicals.Thehydrogenradicalsterminatedthe freeradicalreactionsandsaturatedole?ns.As aresult,35% asphaltenes Were converted into gasoline and resins in 15 min. Conversion of asphaltenes into lighter hydrocarbons increasedby 10times. [0018] OnedisadvantageofsoundWavecavitationtechnol ogy is its batch environment. This technology cannot be e?i cientlyusedinacontinuous?oW processbecausetheenergy density and the residence time Would be insuf?cient for the highproductionoutput.Forexample,theintensitythreshold ofultrasoundcavitationinWaterisabove0.3W/cm2. Sound Wave cavitation technology suffers from a number of other draWbacks. Since the effect diminishes With an increase in distance from the soundWave source, the treatment e?icacy dependsuponcontainersiZe,i.e.,itisloWerinlargevessels. Inaddition,alterationsin?uidarenotuniformthroughoutthe ?uid and occur at certain locations, depending on the sound Wave frequency and interference patterns. Thus, the e?icacy of sound cavitation treatment is further reduced. While the previous uses of cavitation provided by sound Waves in acoustic (20 HZ-20 KHZ) and inultrasonic (>20 KHZ) ranges claim to improve the oil re?ning yield, they do not offer an optimiZedmethodforproducingimprovedfuels. [0019] Ithasbeenreportedthatbothphysicalandchemical propertiesofpetroleumproductscanbealteredbysubjecting themtocavitationinapulsedrotorunit(Promtov,2008).The treatmentimprovesthequalityoffuels. [0020] ItisknoWnthatcavitationcanbecreatedin?uidsby means of various hydrodynamic devices. See, for example, US. Pat.No. 6,705,396toIvannikovetal.,US. Pat.Nos. 7,207,712, 6502,979 and 5,971,601 (Kozyuk) Which al describe hydrodynamic cavitation devices and their uses. US. Pat. No. 7,338,551 to KoZyuk discloses a device and method for generating bubbles in a ?uid that passes through a ?rstlocalconstrictionofahydrodynamic cavitationdeviceat a velocity of at least 12 m/ sec and is then mixed With a gas to enhanceimplosion. [0021] AccordingtotheinventionofUS.Pat.No.6,227, 694 to Mitake et al. tWo or more substances are reacted throughthecollisionofajet?oW ofonereactivesubstance againstajet?oW ofanothersubstanceatthevelocitiesof4 m/sec or higher folloWed by furious turbulence and cavita tion. To cause a uniform reaction Within a short time, the substances are introduced from different passages and col lided against each other at high ?oW rates. This method is advantageousforproducingdispersionsofsubmicron-siZed particles. [0022] Thecavitationphenomenonismoredramaticin viscous?uids.Ifoil?oW moves atahighspeedcausingthe absolute pressure of the oil to drop beloW the vapor pressure of hydrocarbon(s) contained in it, cavitation takes place. Cavitation separates the “liquid” phase (high-boiling-point hydrocarbonsandtheirparticlesinliquidhydrocarbons)from gasesthatareWithintheoil(entrappedgases,Watervaporand vapors of the affected hydrocarbons). Small particulates and impurities serve as the nuclei for the cavitation bubbles that varyinsiZefrom 100nm toafeWmillimetersindiameter. [0023] US. Pat. No. 6,979,757 to PoWers describes a method for utiliZing Whole crude oil as a feedstock for the pyrolysis furnace of an ole?n production plant, Wherein the preheated feedstock is subjected to mild thermal cracking assistedWithcontrolledcavitationuntilsubstantiallyvapor iZed, the vapors being subjected to severe cracking in the radiantsectionofthefurnace. [0024] Anothercavitation-basedapproachillustratedin US. Pat. No. 5,969,207 to KoZyuk uses a ?oW-through pas sage accommodating a baf?e body that generates a hydrody namic cavitation With the degree of cavitation of at least one to initiate chemical transformations and change qualitative andquantitativecompositionofliquidhydrocarbons.Micro cracking of only liquid hydrocarbons results from the col lapse of cavitation bubbles Within a hydrodynamic cavitationPDF Image | FLOW THROUGH CAVITATION ASSISTED
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