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US 2010/0101978A1 Apr.29,2010 [0077] Theobjectsofthepresentinventionareachievedby processing oil in a ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitation apparatustoinducechemicalreactionsandtochangecritical physicalpropertiesofoil,suchasviscosityandAPI gravity. Hydrodynamic cavitation assumes formation of vapor bubbles Within a ?uid accelerated to high velocities in a minuscule area resulting in reduced ?uid pressure. In prac tice,?uidisacceleratedeitherWithahigh-pressurepump or byreducingtheavailable?oW areaatconstantpressure.The phenomenon is named cavitation, because cavities form When the ?uid pressure has been reduced to the vapor pres sure of its constituent(s). The vapor bubbles expand as they move and suddenly collapse, reaching regions ofhigh pres sure. The violent collapse causes a tremendous jump in both localiZed temperature and pressure and intense shearing forces,resultinginchemicalreactions.By subjectingoiltoa ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitation, hydrocarbon mol ecules are activated and are converted into smaller, loWer boilingpoint,stablecomponents.Thecavitationispreferably performed in the presence of a poWdered catalyst, i.e., Zeolyte,folloWedbyitsseparation. [0078] IntenselocaliZedheatreleasedasaresultofgas suppressionandmicrojets,Whichaccompanythecollapseof the cavitation bubbles, excite molecules of hydrocarbon mixedvaporsandinthesphericaladjacentlayersofsurround ingcondensed?uid,transientlyenrichedWiththehigh-point boilinghydrocarbons,therebydrivingchemicalreactions. [0079] Inpractice,theprocessiscarriedoutasfolloWs:The ?uid ?oW is fed into the reactor’s channel. In its localized Zone,thevelocityacceleratescausingthepressureinthe?oW todecrease(Bemoulli’sprinciple).Thisresultsintheforma tionofbubbles?lledWiththevaporsofhydrocarbonsthatboil attheconditionsofthelocaliZedZone.When thecavitation bubbles move beyond the boundary ofthe localiZed Zone, the pressure in the ?oW increases and the bubbles collapse, exposing the vapors of hydrocarbons found Within them to localiZed high pressures and temperatures, shearing forces and shock Waves. The collapse may also result in acoustic vibrations and electromagnetic irradiation. Each cavitation bubble serves as an independent mini-reactor, in Which chemical alteration of hydrocarbons occurs. The increased pressureandtemperatureissigni?cantlyhigherthanthosein anyknoWnpriorartcrackingprocess.Thus,alterationsofoil ingredients and the constituents of other hydrocarbon mix tures result from the reactions taking place Within and/or adjacenttoareasofthecollapsingbubbles. [0080] According to the present invention, the method alloWsforthecontroloftheintensityofthecavitation?eldby usingtheappropriatedevicedesignandaselectedinletpump pressure.Initiallyhighviscosityhydrocarbon?uidscanhave their viscosity loWered by pre-heating, adding solvents and surfactants,applyingapulsedelectricormagnetic?eld(Tao and Xu, 2006) or a mixture thereof. Disintegration and frag mentation of hydrocarbons Will further reduce the viscosity of oil and itsAPI gravity. The covalent bonds that connect sulfur and nitrogen atoms to carbon atoms can be broken as Well, thereby alloWing removal of these elements and their compounds from oil and distillate fuels. [0081] FIGS. 1-6 generally illustrate a ?rst preferred embodiment of the cavitation device 30 of the present inven tion.Thisembodimentisdescribedinco-pendingU.S.patent applicationSer.No. 12/359,110,thedisclosureofWhichis incorporated herein, in its entirety. As shoWn in FIG. 1, the cavitation device 30 is comprised of a cylindrical body 32 madepreferablyofametal,aninlettube34andanoutlettube 36.An inletcone38islocatedinfrontofamulti-jetnoZZle40 alongthe?oWpath.A guidecone42ispositionedbehindthe noZZle 40 and features spiral guides 44. The multi-jetnoZZle 40 is shaped as a disk having a perimeter ring 46 and features four channels 48 that have both across abrupt contractions andexpansions(FIGS.2and3).Thenumberofspiralguides 44 is equal to the number of channels 48 in the multi-jet noZZle 40. The channels 48 have varying diameters along their lengths (FIGS. 5 and 6) and are uniformly distributed throughout the surface area of the perimeter ring 46 of the multi-jetnoZZle40anddirect?oW intotheWorkingchamber 50. [0082] TheWorkingchamber50islocatedbehindthe multi-jetnoZZle40alongthe?oW pathandhasaninnerWall formed by the guide cone 42 and an outer Wall formed by a convergent cone 52. The convergent cone 52 is co-axially alignedWiththeguidecone42.An outlet54fromthecon vergent cone 52 leads to a vortex chamber or generator 56, Which is disposed behind the convergent cone 52. The vortex generator56iscomprisedofdisks58Withcurved?oW guides 60 and central holes 62 that are coaxially aligned With one another.An annulargap 64 islocatedbetWeenthefrontand rear disks 58a, 58b and around a cylinder-type body 66 of slightly smaller diameter than the vortex chamber 56 that blocksthedirectpathofthejetemergingfromthecentralhole 62inthefrontdisk58a.Thecurved?oW guides60areraised With respect to the disks 58 so as to extend out to the cylinder typebody66. [0083] The?oWguides60createmultiplecurved?oW paths from the central hole 62 in the front disk 58a to the annular gap 64 of the vortex generator 56. Similar paths are created from the annular gap 64 of the vortex chamber 56 to the central hole 36 on the rear disk 58b on the backside of the cylinder-type body 66. The central holes 36, the outlet 54 of the convergent cone 52 and an inlet 68 of the atomiZing cone 70,Whichissituatedbehindthevortexgenerator56alongthe ?oW path, allhave the same diameters. [0084] Thephysicalpropertiesandchemicalcomposition of complex viscous hydrocarbon ?uids and dispersions are altered by the enforcement of said ?uids in the multi-stage ?oW-throughhydrodynamiccavitationalreactor30,control lingcavitationbysettinginletpumppressure,andcontinuing the application of such cavitation for a period of time su?i cientforgeneratingphysicalandchemicalalterationsWithin said?uidinthedoWnstreamZone,makingdesirablechanges in its characteristics and obtaining the upgraded product. Fluid includes, but is not limited to a homogeneous or het erogeneous complex mixture of hydrocarbons existing in a liquidphaseimmediatelypriortocavitation,atWo-phaseor multiphase system comprised of hydrocarbons and Water and/or other unmixable liquids, a hydrocarbon solution of salts, gases and/or other solutes, a dispersion, an emulsion, a suspension,meltedsolids,gasinasupercriticalconditionand mixtures thereof. [0085] Inthecaseofoiloranyothercomplexmixtureof hydrocarbons, the composition of a cavitation bubble is not uniform. They Will contain vapors of a number of hydrocar bons that are volatile under the given conditions. The implo sionofthebubblesreleasesenergyrequiredforthechemical reactions to proceed. The processed mixture contains the products of these reactions, the neWly formed stable com pounds.PDF Image | FLOW THROUGH CAVITATION ASSISTED
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