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US 2010/0101978A1 Apr.29,2010 [0086] Thesizeofcavitationbubblesdependsonthenature ofthe?uidundertreatmentandtheengineeringdesignofthe cavitational device 30 and its parameters, such as, for instance, the velocity of How sustained by the pump. The pump pressureisincreaseduntilaproperlevelofcavitationis achieved. In addition to determining the siZe of the bubbles, and, as a consequence, the amount of released energy, the pressure Will govern the reactions of the constituents. The effect of surface tension and bubble siZe on the hydrostatic pressure is de?ned as folloWs: Pi:PO+2a/R, Where PI. is the hydrostaticpressure,aisthesurfacetension,andR isthe radius of the bubble. The smaller the bubble, the greater the energy released during its implosion. One disadvantage of excessively high pressure is increased heat release, Which may become importantifoverheatingisdetrimentaltoprod uctqualityandsafety. [0091] Similartoconventionalcracking,cavitationcauses homolytic ?ssion of carbon-carbon bonds. Alkyl chains and side chains of aromatic ring structures in heavy oil break, resulting in the absence of hydrogen in the formation of unsaturated hydrocarbons (ole?ns or alkenes): [0087] ThefastertheHowrate,theloWerthecavitation number. A loWer cavitation number (especially cavitation numbers beloW 1.0) imply a high degree of cavitation. The preferredembodimentofthepresentinventionoptimiZesthe cavitation to perform uniform oil alteration by applying the most suitable pump pressure selected from a range of 50-5, 000 psi. Alternatively, iftoo much energy is applied or the treatment time is substantially increased, then the cost of upgradinggoesup.By applyinghydrodynamiccavitationata pump pressure designed to cause cavitation and chemical conversionconsistentlythroughouttheliquid,thechangesin [0093] Thediscolorationofbromineisusedasatestfora propertiestakeplaceandadesirableoutcomeisachieved. [0088] InaccordanceWiththepresentinvention,oilis treated either continuously or periodically, by passing through the cavitational device 30. The device 30 can be placedanyWherearoundaminingsite,re?ningcolumnorany otherfacility.YetanotherdesignpossibilityexistsinWhicha ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitation device 30 is ?xed in position or movable. The ?oW-through hydrodynamic devices are designed to treat large volumes of oil at the ambi ent temperature and pressure. Placement ofa device 30 may be combined With the placement of multiple devices. Addi tional lines and skid systems can be added to scale up the production capacity. These systems can be easily mounted andtransported,makingthemsuitableforproduction,blend ing,transportationandre?ningofoil.Inpractice,itisdesir abletotakeintoaccountthecostofthedevice30,itsproduc tion capability and the subsequent energy, maintenance and operationcost.ItshouldbeemphasiZedthatanoperatorofthe hydrodynamic cavitation device 30 is not required to Wear high performance safety products for hearing protection, such as earmuffs or earplugs, as itWould be in a case of high frequencycavitation. [0089] ItbecomesanequipmentcostdecisionWhattypeof a?oW-throughhydrodynamiccavitationdevicecon?guration to use since a number of approaches are technically feasible, Whether for large scale upgrading or treatment of small vol umes. One method forensuringthebestconditionsistocreate cavitationevenlythroughouttheHowWhileavoidingWasting energy. Ideally, the energy applied should be loWered to an optimiZedlevelWhen cavitationstile?icientlyoccursand energyexpenditureisminimal. [0090] FIG.4isatablethatcomparesthebrominenumber ofheavyoil(APIgravity14.5at60°F.)Withthoseofthesame oil subjected to a 15-min cavitation at 80 psi pump pressure and oil mixed With Water solution of citric acid (1:1) and subjected to a 15-min cavitation at 80 psi pump pressure. carbon-carbondoublebondconcentration(ASTM D1159 07: Standard test method for bromine numbers of petroleum distillates and commercial aliphatic ole?ns by electrometric titration). [0092] Whenole?nsreactWithliquidbrominetheirdouble bonds break, a bromine atom attaches to each carbon and, as a result, bromine loses its red-broWn color: CH2=CH2+BIZ—> CH2—CH2 Br Br [0094] Referring back to FIG. 4, the observed 5.9% increase in the double bond level indicates signi?cant changes in the chemical structures of the cavitated oil. If hydrogen gas Were available, one Would observe the forma tion of alkanes, saturation of aromatics and deeper defrag mentation.When heavyoiliscavitatedinthedevice30With Watertoimitate steam cracking conditions thebromine num berincreasesby 16.2%,WhichisconsistentWithole?nfor mation during steam cracking, but in a shorter processing time. Thus, the present invention alloWs for expedient pro ductionofupgradedheavyoil,generatingmoreproductover timethanispossibleusingothercavitationtechnologies. [0095] WhenamixtureofheavycrudeoilandWateris cavitated,thehydroxylradicalsthatareformedbecauseofthe disruption of hydrogen bonds betWeen molecules of Water and breakage of oxygen-hydrogen covalent bonds in Water oxidiZe sulfur in sulfur-containing hydrocarbons, thereby facilitatingitsremovalandimprovingcrudequality. [0096] Thepresentmethodandsystemachievealterationof heavy oil through the use of a multi-stage ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitation. The cavitation employed in accor danceWiththepreferredembodimentofthepresentinvention isachievedWithapump pressureselectedfromtherangeof approximately50-5,000psi.Therefore,apracticalapproach tothedesireddegreeofoilupgradingistoestablishapressure thatprovidesenoughbubbleimplosionenergyforbondsplit ting. The optimal pressures produce cavitation bubbles in suf?cientquantitiestoachieveahighdegreeofconversion. HoWever, as one skilled in the art Would understand, different hydrocarbon mixtures require different energies obtained through cavitation in order for their alteration to occur. Any inlet pressure above 50 psi is su?icient to alter properties ofPDF Image | FLOW THROUGH CAVITATION ASSISTED
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