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US 2010/0101978A1 Apr.29,2010 heavy oil. Therefore, the range of 50-5,000 psi is in no Way intended to limit the use of the present invention. a cost of increased energy consumption and the higher cost of the device being able to Withstand such conditions. [0102] Thebene?cialeffectsgainedthroughthepresent invention cannot be achieved through rotor-stator cavitation [0097] Energyreleasedbecauseofthebubbleimplosion during a ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitation activates hydrocarbonsforcingthemtobreak,reactandformentirely orsonic/ultrasonic-inducedcavitationbecausetheconditions neW compounds.Theresultisanupgradedproductofhigher commercialvalueWhosecomponentsWillbeeasiertohandle, distilandseparatebyre?ning. [0098] Metalsthatarecontainedinoilsmaydeactivate catalysts during the re?ning process. Crude oil With a high content of metals should be desalted to avoid poisoning of catalysts and equipment fouling in the doWnstream distilla tion units. In the present invention, desalting can be carried outpriortoorsimultaneouslyWiththecracking/modi?cation ofoil.Theoutcomeofthecavitation-assistedcracking/modi ?cationofoilmay differfromthatofthepreliminaryWashed oil and is likely to result in more variable composition of end product. [0099] InmostoilWashingtechnologies,bothWaterand chemicalreagentsarerequiredinordertoachievethedesired outcome. It is exceedingly important to completely disperse Waterandreagentsthroughouttheveryviscousoil,and?oW through hydrodynamic cavitation accomplishes this goal. The stabilityandcompositionofWater/oildispersionscanbe modulated by adding surfactants, chelating reagents, salts, exposing them to heat, an electric ?eld and by many other means. The stability depends on the electrostatic interaction (attraction or repulsion) betWeen the droplets and is deter minedbytheirZetapotentials.Inthisexperiment,theaddition of citric acid increased stability of Water/oil emulsions throughthepossibleformationofiron-citrateandothermetal complexesandadsorptionoffreecitrate(GanandLiu,2008). [0100] FIG.5isagraphcomparingtheboilingrangeof non-treated heavy oil With that of the same oil subjected to a 15-min cavitation at a 80-psi inlet pressure and preliminary mixedWith10% solutionofcitricacidindistilledWater(1:l). The tests Were performed in accordance With the ASTM D2887-06a standard test method for boiling range distribu tionofpetroleumfractionsbygaschromatography.Then-al kane calibration reference covered the boiling range of 55° 5380 C. (l00°-l000o F.), Which includes n-alkanes With a carbon chain length of C5-C44. The analysis Was carried out using a Varian 3400 gas chromatograph equipped With the FIDdetectorandJ&WDB2887columndesignedespecially [0107] HoWever,extremeconditionscanbedangerousand fortheASTM D2887.Ascanbeseen,thecavitationalloWs the higher yield of distillate fuels to be obtained at the same temperatures as loWer yield fuels. [0101] FIG.6isatablethatcontainsvaluesfortheselected characteristics of non-treated heavy oil and the same oil treated in a ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitator either for l or 10 min to demonstrate the signi?cant effect of this type of cavitationonthepropertiesofnon-conventionaloil.Itshould be added that the values for the API gravity of oil has stayed WithinthenarroWrangeof16.0-16.5foralmost2hoursWhen oil temperature Was held at 900 F. In this example, the tem perature and pressure supplied in a ?oW-through hydrody namic cavitation reactor can be both immediately and effec tivelydispersed,therebyoffering?exibilityandproducing cessingtoterminateradicalreactionsandsaturatedouble upgrading Without causing a detrimental effect. There is a practical limit to the use of this type of cavitation due to the amount ofpoWer needed to create itand the amount ofoilthat can be processed per time unit. The higher the inletpressure, thelargertheenergyreleaseduringbubbleimplosion,butat created in this process simply do not exist and cannot be duplicated by other means. In a sonic-induced process, cavi tation bubbles form a barrier to transmission of and attenuate the sound Waves due to their scattering and diverting proper ties, limiting the effective distance of the sound Waves. Fur thermore, the sonic/ultrasonic treatment is only capable of modifyingoilatspeci?clocationsWithinthe?uid,depending on the Wavelength, interference patters and the poWer of the soundWave source. [0103] Thepresentinventionovercomestheselimitations, chemicallyandphysicallychangingthecompositionofoils in a uniform manner. This invention changes the molecular structurestoagreaterdegree,reducingthesiZeofmolecules by supplying energy su?icient to drive radical reactions. Therefore, this invention provides a better means of upgrad ingoilandproducingmixturesofsuperiorhomogeny. [0104] Withtheappropriateinletpressureitshouldbepos sibletodestroymicroorganisms inafuelthatotherWisemay form a harmful buildup in a storage unit or fuel tank. The cost ofusingcavitationinthisfashionWouldhavetobemeasured againstthebene?tsgainedtoseeifitisjusti?edforaparticu larapplication. [0105] Itisimportantthatthe?oW-throughhydrodynamic cavitationisusedattheproperstage.Itmay bepreferrednot touseitifpossiblelossofloW-boiling-pointhydrocarbonsis an issue. While the preferred embodiment has been shoWn and described, itWill be understood that there is no intent to limit the invention by such disclosure, but rather, is intended to cover all modi?cations and alternate constructions falling Within the spirit and scope of the present invention. [0106] AsitcanbeseenfromFIG.7,theinventivemethod signi?cantlyimproveshomogeneityanddispersionofheavy oilWater and Water solutions, Which can ?nd numerous appli cations. The present invention creates bene?cial conditions that cannot be duplicated. The process is enhanced by means ofhighpressure,elevatedheat,turbulenceandvigorousmix ing applied simultaneously in localiZed Zones in a ?oW throughcavitationdeviceWithinashortperiodoftime. detrimental.Thepreferredembodimentsofthepresentinven tionapplyoptimiZedlevelsofbothpressureandtemperature via a controlled ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitation. The processisindependentofexternaltemperaturesandpressure and provides a means of changing chemical composition, physical properties and rheological characteristics of oil evenlythroughoutthe?uid. [0108] Importanteconomicbene?tsarealsoexperienced through implementation of the present invention. The opti miZedusageofa?oW-throughhydrodynamic cavitational reactor 30 serves to loWer equipment, handling and energy costs, as it improves oil characteristics and distillate fuel yields. Although hydrogen gas may be included in the pro bonds, itisnotnecessarytoupgrade oiland canbe substituted With different reductants or reagents producing hydrogen in situ. Further, a ?oW-through hydrodynamic cavitation pro cessdoesnotrequiretheuseofanyresident/storagecontainer as does sonic or ultrasonic-induced cavitation.PDF Image | FLOW THROUGH CAVITATION ASSISTED
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