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US 2010/0101978A1 Apr.29,2010 [0109] Thefollowingexamplesaregivenforillustrating applicationSer.No.12/464,646,thedisclosureofWhichis the present invention and should not be construed as limita tions on the scope or spirit of the invention. [0110] Tenlitersofheavy,non-conventionalnon-souroil Were placed in a steel container and heated to 60° C. under continuous mixing. The oil Was then subjected to the How throughcavitationprocessat80psipump pressurefor10min Withtestsamplestakenformeasuringtemperature,API grav ity,relativeviscosity,concentrationofunsaturatedhydrocar bons and boiling range determination. The cavitated oilhad a strong smell, appeared less viscous, and Was processed in a fraction of the time required by conventional cracking pro cesses. [0111] FivehundredgramsofanhydrouscitricacidWere dissolvedin4.5litersofWatertopreparea10Wt.% solution. FivelitersofthissolutionWeremixedWith?velitersofheavy non-conventional, non-sour oil. The mixture Was cavitated using the device 30. The system Was alloWed to stay at ambi ent temperature for ?fteen days. No phase separation Was observed. The emulsion Was subjected to centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 10 min Without causing a separation. The average Water droplet siZe Was determined to be 200 nm. When heatWas appliedthemixture separatedintoatop layer of Water/oil emulsion and a bottom layer of Water With a volumeratioof9:1.WithregardtomixingoilWithpureWater, the present method provides less stable Water/oil emulsions. The maximum amount Was 75% Water by volume. [0112] FIG.7isatablecomparingthebrominenumberof aheavyoil(APIgravityis14.5at600 bothuntreatedand subjected to hydrodynamic cavitation according to the present invention. The untreated heavy oil had a bromine number of 11.39. Subjecting the same heavy oil to a ?fteen minute cavitation process according to the present invention increasedthatbromine number to 12.06, an increase of5.9%. Mixing the original heavy oil With a chelating agent (10% solutionofcitricacidindistilledWater)ina1:1ratioandthen subjecting the mixture to a ?fteen minute cavitation process according to the present invention increased the bromine number to 13.24, and increase of 16.2%. [0113] FIG.8isagraphthatcomparestheboilingrangeof non-treated heavy oil With that of the same oil subjected to a 15-min cavitation according to the present invention. The cavitated oil Was pumped at 80 psi pump pressure and pre liminarymixedWitha10% solutionofcitricacidindistilled Waterina1:1ratio.Thegraphdemonstratesthatthatcavitated oil more readily boils than the untreated oil. [0114] FIG. 9 is a table listing selected parameters of a heavy oil untreated and subjected to cavitation processes accordingtotheclaimedinvention.Ingeneral,thecavitated oil had a greater API gravity and loWer boiling point as comparedtotheuncavitatedoil. [0115] FIG.10depictsthreeimagestakenWithanoptical microscope equipped With a digital 3-Mpix camera. The images have dimensions of 1336 microns by 1719 microns. The ?rst image (a) shoW the heterogeneous composition of untreated oil. The second image (b) shoWs the improved homogeneity of cavitated oil. The third image (c) shoWs numerous Water droplets in the Water/oil emulsion formed after subjecting a 1:1 mixture of oil and 10% citric acid in distilled Water to a 15-min cavitation at 80 psi inlet pressure accordingtothepresentinvention. [0116] FIGS.11-21generallyillustrateasecondpreferred embodiment of the cavitation device 80 of the present inven tion.Thisembodimentisdescribedinco-pendingU.S.patent incorporated herein, in its entirety. As shoWn in FIG. 11, the ?oW-through cavitation device 80 is comprised of a housing 82,Whichisattachedtoinlet84andoutlet86pipesfordirect connection to an industrial pipeline (not shoWn). The device 80 preferably has a mirrored symmetry such that from the inlet 84 to a mid-point 88 is repeated in reverse from the mid-point 88 to the outlet 86. The folloWing description Will folloW the mirrored symmetry and describe from both the inlet84andoutlet86toWardthemid-point88simultaneously. [0117] Assuming?oWfromlefttoright,frontandenddisk multi-jetnoZZles 90a, 90b serve as the front and back Walls of exterior Working chambers 92a, 92b and are located behind theinletpipe84andinfrontoftheoutletpipe86.The multi-jet noZZles 92 are equipped With constricting and expandingchannels94thataredistributeduniformlyoverthe surfaces of the disks that are the multi-jet noZZles 90. The Working chambers 92 are comprised ofradial cones 96a, 96b andcentralguidecones98a,98b,Whichareattachedtoradial multi-jetnoZZles100a,100b.Theradialmulti-jetnoZZles100 feature both constricting and expanding channels 102. The channels 102 are spread evenly over the radial perimeter surface of the radial noZZles 100, Which direct the How to interiorWorking chambers 104a, 104b. [0118] FloWguides106a,106bthatdirectthe?oWpath from the perimeter to a center of the device 80 bound the chambers 104. The cross-sectionofthe How guides 106 gen erallyhasanS-shapecon?guration.Ahemi-sphericalbody 108a,108bWithatopniche110ismountedintheWorking chambers 104 against the radial noZZles 100. The turbuliZer disk112a,112b(FIG.13)Withcurvedguides114andcentral hole 116 is located behind the guides 106 in vortex chamber 118. The vortex chamber 118 isformed ofthe innerWall ofthe housing 82 and a cylindrical body 120 disposed in the center. Thevortexchamber118directstheHow fromthehole116of the front disk 11211. The holes 116 in the front and rear disks 112a, 112b are coaxial. Their diameters are equal to that of holesintheguides106.Themid-point88isWithinthevortex chamber 118. [0119] FIG.13isadiagramthatshoWsdisks112a,112b Withcurvedguides114andcentralhole116.An interiorside oftheradialmulti-jetnoZZles 100 isdepictedinFIG. 14.The channels 102 let out into the interior Working chambers 104 housing the hemi-spherical body 108 having top niche 110. FIG. 15 shoWs a cross-sectional vieW of the cylindrical body 120,WhichisprovidedWiththesuper?cialperimeterguides 122 that serve as the channels for ?uid ?oW. FIG. 16 is a draWing of a preferred embodiment for the guides 122 of the cylindrical body 120. FIGS. 17 and 18 depict the junction betWeen the interiorWorking chambers 104 and the disks 112 andillustrate?uid?oW therein.AtthejunctionbetWeenthe guides106andthedisks112aretoroidalvortexchambers 124 Which are connected to the holes 116 and interiorWork ing chambers 104. FIG. 19 is a simpli?ed schematic illustra tion shoWing various embodiments for the niche 110 in the hemispherical body 108: a hemi-sphere, a toroid, and a parabola. [0120] FIG.20isadraWingthatillustratesanotheralternate embodimentfora?oW-throughmulti-stagecavitationdevice 130 thatprovides asmany astenZones 132 forgenerationand collapse of cavitation bubbles and is comprised of ten iden ticalWorkingchambers134andtenmulti-jetnoZZles136that differ in respect to the cross-sectional passage areas created by their channels 138.PDF Image | FLOW THROUGH CAVITATION ASSISTED
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