PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 008
US 6,668,554 B1 34 reservoirs using selected supercritical ?uids. In accordance With the present invention, a supercritical ?uid is used as a fracturing ?uid and heat-transport ?uid for deep earth heat mining systems, and, ifdesired, as the Working ?uid for surface power generating plants. The hot dry rock reservoir is created by hydraulically fracturing a deep region of igneous or metamorphic rock or a deep region of limestone or other sedimentary rock using a supercritical ?uid as the fracturing ?uid. Generally, best resultsareexpectedfromfracturingdeepregionsofessen 10 tialy impermeable, hot, basement crystalline rock beloW sedimentary rock layers. It is contemplated that the inven tion Will Work Well in deep crystalline rock formations such as granite, granodiorite, diorite, ma?c igneous rocks, meta morphicequivalentsofanyofthese,orothercrystalline15 rocks. For fracturing the formation to form the hot dry rock reservoir, one or more injection Wellbores are drilled by any suitable method knoWn in the art.Asingle injection Wellbore isgenerallyadequate.Atleastoneintervalofatleastone openhole Wellbore is packed off at the selected depth. Depths are selected to reach a level Where there is suf?cient heat in the rock to make successful, cost effective thermal production practical. Generally, depths in the range from about1,000feet(beloWsurfacedebrisandsedimentsand25 sedimentary rocks) to about 30,000 feet can be used, depending upon underground thermal conditions. bore surface and normal opening stresses from ?uid invasion into the hydrothermally sealed natural joints (Which are someWhat more permeable than the adjacent unjointed rock). In a region Where the natural fractures in the rock are predominantlyvertical,loWerpumpingpressureisgenerally necessary than if the pre-existing fractures or joints in the rock are predominantly inclined from the vertical.As pump ing continues, the natural fractures or joints progressively open and interconnect, forming a multiply connected region ofpressure-dilatedjointsintherockmasssurroundingthe packed-offWellboreinterval,thuscreatingthefracturedhot dryrockreservoirregion. The fracturevolume ofthereservoircanbe asmuch asten times or more greater than the original microcrack pore volumeoftheunfracturedrockformation.Con?nedreser voir regions as large as a cubic kilometer or more can be made by hydraulic fracturing With supercritical ?uids, depending upon hoW long and at What rate pressuriZed supercritical ?uid is pumped into the formation during fracturingoftherock.Whencarbondioxide,Withadensity about equal to that of Water, is used as the supercritical ?uid, about a cubic meter of supercritical ?uid Will open up about 4,000 cubic meters of reservoir, as shoWn in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a graph shoWing the linear relationship betWeen reservoir volumeandvolumeofinjected?uidasdeterminedfrom microseismic event location data in a test of a region stimulated by injecting ?uid under high pressure. Supercritical ?uids Which can be used in the practice of the invention include, but are not limited to, carbon dioxide, halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants such as FreonsTM, arnmonia, mixtures of ammonia and Water, loW molecular Weight hydrocarbons such as propanes, butanes and hexanes, and mixtures thereof. Supercritical carbon dioxide, halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants, hydrocarbons and mixtures thereof are more preferred than ammonia and mixtures of ammonia and Water becauseofthecorrosivepropertiesofsupercriticalammonia and the possibility of vigorous, exothermic reactions of supercritical ammonia and Water mixtures. Carbon dioxide is generally presently most preferred as the supercritical ?uid because it is readily available, easily handled, economical, generally chemically inert, and accepted by the public as nonhaZardous. Using carbon dioxide as the geo?uid has the additional advantage of providing a Way to sequester carbon dioxide from ?ue gases or other industrial process ef?uents by using and maintain ing the carbon dioxide deep in the earth and alloWing a portion of it to sloWly diffuse into the surrounding rock mass. Additives can be incorporated into the supercritical ?uid before introduction into the injection borehole or can be added to the circulating ?uid anyWhere convenient in the ?oW path of a closed-loop system. Additives can be employedforinhibitionofcorrosionofcasing,piping, pumpingequipment,andpoWergenerationplantequipment such as heat exchangers. Additive amounts of other ?uids can be used to adjust the physical and thermodynamic properties of the ?uid, such as the density, or the critical pressureandtemperatureofthesupercritical?uid.Additive amounts of Water can be used in supercritical ammonia for the same purposes. During hydraulic fracturing using supercritical carbon dioxide, almost alof the original naturally occurring pore ?uid(generallyabrine)presentinthemicrocrackporosity of the fractured reservoir is dissolved in the amount of supercritical ?uid used to create the reservoir. For a typical Underground rock temperatures anyWhere from about 120° C., beloW Which thermal production Would not be cost effective, to about 1,000° C. or more, With the limitation being the ability to handle the high temperatures With present Well drilling and completion equipment and mate rials.Generally,undergroundrocktemperaturesintherange from about 150° C. to about 500° C. are considered more useful in the invention methods. PressuriZed supercritical ?uid ispumped from the surface into the injection Wellbore by any convenient means such as With a postive displacement or centrifugal pump. The super critical ?uid is injected into the packed-off interval of an openhole Wellbore using any suitable means such as a high-pressuretubingstring. Injection periods from a feW hours to several months may berequiredforcreatingthereservoirregion,dependingupon the characteristics of the in situ stress ?eld, the extent and orientation of fractures and joints already existing in the rock mass to be fractured, the resistance to ?oW in the netWork of interconnected fractures, the orientation of joint sets in the region to be fractured, and, most importantly, uponthedesiredsiZeofthecon?nedreservoirtobecreated. Generally an injection period in the range from about Week to about three months is adequate. Generally, pumping rates in the range from about 20 to about 60 kg/s are presently preferred, depending upon the actualformationinjectionpressureinthepacked-offWell bore inerval, because of pressure and ?oW capabilities of commerciallyavailablepumpingequipment.Surfacepump ing pressures in the range from about 1,000 psi to about 15,000 psi are generally suf?cient to fracture most forma tions.Whencarbondioxideisusedasthesupercritical?uid, then pressures in the range from about 1,100 to about 10,000 psi are generally useful in the invention method because of the1073psi(7.40MPa) criticalpressureforcarbondioxide. 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Initially, as the pressure in the packed-off interval is rapidlyincreased,oneormoreofthemorefavorablyori 65 ented natural joints intersecting the Wellbore starts to open under a combination of tensile (hoop) stresses at the WellPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
PDF Search Title:
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDSOriginal File Name Searched:
US6668554.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |