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US 6,668,554 B1 56 hotdryrockreservoiratadepthof4km andforarock temperature of 260° C., and assuming a reasonable surface injection pressure of 30 MPa (?uid conditions of 67 MPa and 250° C. Within the reservoir), at least a 24 mol percent solubility of Water in the supercritical carbon dioxide can be anticipated. FIG. 2 shoWs the solubility of Water in super critical carbon dioxide at 250° C. as a function of the pressure of the solution. When carbondioxideisusedasthesupercritical?uid,the mineralconstituentsoriginallydissolvedintheinitialpore 10 ?uid Within the reservoir are left behind as mineral precipi tates When the pore ?uids in turn dissolved by the super critical carbon dioxide, since these minerals such as silica and chlorides are generally not soluble in the supercritical carbon dioxide. 15 If the hot dry rock reservoir is being created in sedimen tary rock or other formations Which contain methane and other hydrocarbons, and ifcarbon dioxide or another ?uid Which dissolves hydrocarbons is used as the supercritical ?uid,thenitmaybenecessarytoincorporateaseparation 20 step When the supercritical ?uid is ?rst circulated back up to the surface. Separation of the hydrocarbons from the super critical ?uid can be accomplished using any conventional method such as separation With propylene carbonate mem branesorbychillingthemixturetodistilloutthehydrocar 25 bons. 20 to the surface 22 Where the supercritical ?uid is circulated through conduits 24 and 26 back to the injection pump 12 Which pumps the ?uid back doWn the injection Well 14. A portionoftheconduitscarryingtheheatedsupercritical?uid from doWnhole passes through a heat exchanger 28 Where heat is transferred to conduits 30 carrying a poWer plant 32 Working ?uid. In a typical production process in accordance With the invention, folloWing the drilling of one or more production Wells,pressuriZedsupercritical?uidisre-injectedintothe reservoir through at least one injection Well. The same Wellbore used to fracture the rock to form the reservoir is generally used as the injection Wellbore. Initially, suf?cient supercritical ?uid to re-pressuriZe the reservoir, to establish circulation, and to make up for supercritical ?uid diffusing into the rock mass surrounding the reservoir region, is introduced into the injection Well. After formation of the reservoir, an initial period of Water separation from the supercritical ?uid may be used as needed,especiallyinclosedloopsystems,toeliminatefrom the system Water brought up from the reservoir region dissolved in the supercritical ?uid or in another phase. Once the amount of Water coming out of the reservoir is reduced to a very small amount, the need for corrosion inhibition measuresduringgeo?uidcirculationisvirtuallyobviated. When desired,becausetotalreservoir?oW isdependent primarily on the near-production-Wellbore ?oW impedance, additional lateral production Wells can be used. Generally, tWo additional lateral production Wells, one off of each of tWo initial near-vertical production Wells, Would be used. This arrangement could approximately double the produc tion ?oW rate, and therefore the thermal poWer output, for the total cost of one additional Well since each lateral leg costsabout50% ofthecostofaninitialWellbore. When carbondioxideisusedasthesupercritical?uidin the practice of this invention, the carbon dioxide remains in the supercritical phase in the reservoir because of the elevated pressure. If other ?uids such as ammonia, loW At the periphery of the hot dry rock fractured reservoir region of the rock mass, the supercritical ?uid sloWly diffuses outWard to the much-loWer-pressure far ?eld from the pressuriZed reservoir. Ifcarbon dioxide isused as the supercritical ?uid, the pre-existing Water-?lled netWork of interconnected microcracks in the surrounding rock mass is sloWly?ushedWiththesupercritical?uid,andthepore?uid is dissolved, leaving behind mineral precipitates Which tend topartiallyplugthemicrocrackporosityandsloWlysealthe reservoir boundaries. 30 After the desired volume of rock is fractured (i.e., pres sure stimulated), the pressure of supercritical ?uid being injectedisreducedtoapressureatWhichthesystemis40 molecularWeighthydrocarbonsorhalogenatedhydrocarbon stabiliZed With no further fracture extension, i.e., no more rockisbeingfracturedattheperipheryofthereservoirand, therefore, the reservoir is no longer being enlarged. In this manner a large region of fractured rock bounded by sur roundingalmost-impermeableunfracturedrockiscreated— 45 the con?ned hot dry rock reservoir. refrigerants are used as the geo?uid, the ?uid ispumped into the injection Well as a compressed liquid and may then change from the liquid to the supercritical phase When subjected to the elevated doWnhole temperatures. The supercritical?uidisheatedby transferofenergyfrom the hot rock surfaces it comes into contact With in the reservoir. As the supercritical ?uid is heated it expands to some extent, losing density. For production of thermal energy from the hot dry rock reservoir, one or more production Wellbores are drilled into the fractured Zone using any suitable drilling method. Since thedeepearthstress?eldisnormallyanisotropic,the50 injectedsupercriticalcirculating?uidintheinjectionWell pressure-stimulated reservoir region Will tend to be elon gated in some direction, but stil symmetrical about the injection Well that Was used to create the fractured region that is the reservoir. Therefore, in almost all cases it Will be preferredtoaccessthereservoirWithapluralityofproduc 55 tion Wells. For example, in ellipsoidal-shaped hot dry rock reservoirs, production Wells could be drilled at each end furtherest from the injection Well. Generally presently pre ferred are tWo production Wells drilled to penetrate the reservoir near either end of the elongated region. This 60 three-Well(oneinjection,tWoproduction)strategyusuallyis appropriatelevelofreservoirpressuriZationandthensuf? most cost effective. An example of this is shoWn in the schematic of FIG. 3. In the schematic of FIG. 3 ?uid is pumped by injection pump 12 into a single injection Well 14 into a reservoir 65 region 16. Pressure and supercritical ?uid from the reservoir region 16 circulates up one of tWo production Wells 18 and cient to establish and maintain reservoir circulation by the thermal siphoning of the supercritical ?uid circulating through a closed-loop system is pumped doWn at least one injection Well into the reservoir region. Depending upon What demands are made on the ?uid circulation system atthe surface, the thermal siphoning may be adequate to keep the The very signi?cant difference in the density of the cold bore (Which can be as much as about 1.0 g/cc for carbon dioxide)andthedensityofthehotproducedcirculating?uid in the production Wellbore or Wellbores (Which can be as litle as about 0.3 g/cc for carbon dioxide) provides an impressivebouyantdriveorthermalsiphoningofthegeof luidWhichgreatlyreducestherequiredcirculatingpumping poWer compared to that required for geo?uid circulation in a comparable Water-based hot dry rock geothermal energy system. An amount of supercritical ?uid suf?cient to achieve anPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
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