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US 6,668,554 B1 78 ?uid circulating inde?nitely Without much pumping assis tance at al. For example, ifthe supercritical ?uid is circu lated by itselfin a closed loop back doWn the injection Well as Would be done in a binary power generating system, the supercritical ?uid could be circulated With minimal or no need for additional pumping. With the exception of very minor losses of pressure through surface heat exchangers used to transfer geothermal heat to binary cycle Working ?uids, the pressure of the hot supercritical ?uid thermally siphoned out of the reservoir Would be equal to the injection pressure for the cold supercritical ?uid. Conversely, if the supercritical ?uid is pumped directly into an expansion turbine Without use of heat exchange equipment, then pump ing assistance Would be required for reinjection at the surface. Additional supercritical ?uid is used for ?uid makeup at the surface to compensate for the small amount of super critical?uidsloWlydiffusingintotherockmasssurrounding the pressuriZed hot dry rock reservoir region. 15 into a poWer generating turbine, since there are essentially no dissolved solids in the circulating geo?uid. In the poWer generatingturbine,thesupercritical?uid(carbondioxideis presently preferred) expands isentropically to a loWer tem perature and pressure. Then, after a signi?cant amount of heat rejection (cooling) at constant pressure, the dense, cooled but stil supercritical ?uid is reinjected into the con?ned hot dry rock reservoir. Pumping is generally requiredforcirculationofthegeo?uidthroughaclosedloop systemusingthisapproach. In this direct introduction of the geo?uid into the turbine, the inability of supercritical ?uids to dissolve and transport mineral constituents from the geothermal reservoir to the surface Would eliminate mineral scaling effects in the sur facepipingandpoWerplantequipment.Usinghalogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants or hydrocarbons as the supercriti cal ?uid Would prevent corrosion of equipment Which could occur if small amounts of Water Were dissolved in super critical carbon dioxide, forming carbonic acid Which Would react With metals. This second approach eliminates the need for primary heat exchangers or surface ?uid cleanup or gas separation systems as used in conventional binary-cycle geothermal poWer plants. Cooling toWers or air-cooled heat exchangers are used as needed for heat rejection from the turbine out?oW,Wherethesupercritical?uidisexpandeddirectlyin the poWer-generating turbine. Although it is not necessary in either of the tWo approachestopoWergenerationusinghotdryrockgeother mal energy, to recycle the cooled supercritical ?uid from the poWer generation plant back doWn the injection Well or Wellsinaclosed-loopsystem,thatisthepresentlypreferred mode ofoperationbecauseitconservesthegeo?uid(andits pressure in the binary-cycle mode) and prevents environ mental effects that could result from releasing the geo?uid into the-atmosphere. This Would be particularly so ifthe ?uidWerea?ammablehydrocarbon,ahalogenatedhydro carbon refrigerant, or ammonia. Problems associated With traditional geothermal reservoir operationtemperaturesbeinglimitedbythecriticalpointfor the Water (384° C. and 22 MPa) used as a circulation ?uid are not encountered With use of supercritical carbon dioxide as the production ?uid because the supercritical carbon dioxide is not a solvent for the inorganic materials found in igneousandmetamorphicrocks.Thusly,thepotentialprob lems associated With dissolved minerals and other materials areavoided.ThisalloWsforsupercritical-?uid-basedhotdry rock production temperatures approaching 400° C. or even higher,Withtheultimatetemperaturegenerallybeingdeter mined by the temperature limits of the drilling system. When therelativelysmallamountofpore?uidoriginally in place in the deep basement rock is dissolved in the supercritical carbon dioxide, its dissolved mineral constitu entsareleftbehindasasmallamountofmineralprecipitate Withinthemicrocrackporestructure.Therefore,problemsin Water-based geothermal energy production systems associ ated With other trace materials in solution such as arsenic, ?uoride and boron are avoided by use of supercritical carbon dioxide as the production ?uid. Indeed, When the dissolved mineral constituents are left behind as precipitates, the precipitates tend to sloWly plug offthemicrocrackporosityattheperipheryofthehotdry rock fractured region, sloWly sealing the reservoir bound ariesevenmorecompletelythantheusuallyalmostimper meable range of several hundredths of a microdarcy. Therefore, the sloW outWard diffusion of supercritical car Fluid makeup With pure supercritical ?uid combined With an initial period of Water removal, eventually reduces the amount of dissolved Water in the circulating supercritical ?uid to a very small amount. This eliminates the need for any Water separation equipment in the surface poWer plant folloWing one initial pre-production reservior diagnostic 25 phase lasting a feW months. Any supercritical carbon dioxide escaping the system is relatively harmless since it is essentially nonhaZardous in dilute concentrations. Surface conduits of a kind and con?guration knoWn in the art are used to convey the heated supercritical ?uid from the Well head to any of a variety of applications Which require thermal energy. Presently contemplated, in addition to sur face electric poWer generating plants, are applications such as space heating, preheating materials for chemical processes, drying pumice and minerals mined in a Way that producesWetproducts,heatinggreenhouses,dryingcrops, heating Water, and for any other direct-heat application requiring a moderate-temperature hot ?uid. There are at least tWo different approaches that can be used When the heated supercritical ?uid is used for poWer generation: conventional binary-cycle turbine poWer gen eration and direct drive of a turbine With the heated super critical?uid. 35 45 In a ?rst approach, a binary heat transfer system method couldbeusedtoachievesuperiorthermodynamicef?ciency (approximately a factor of 3 higher heat utiliZation rate than in a direct-expansion turbine method), particularly When carbon dioxide is the circulating supercritical ?uid. In this alternative, isobutane, a halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerant, liquid ammonia or another suitable binary-cycle Working ?uid is circulated through a heat exchange system Whereitisheatedbythehotsupercriticalgeo?uidcirculated upfromthereservoir.Then,inturn,theheatedbinary-cycle 55 Working ?uid is used to provide heat energy to the turbine. The binary-cycle Working ?uid is pumped under pressure into a heat exchanger or boiler in contact With the heated supercritical geo?uid Where the binary-cycle Working ?uid is vaporiZed. The expanding vapor spins the turbine While losing pressure and temperature, and is then circulated through a cooling toWer Where it is condensed to the liquid phase.Theliquidphasebinary-cycleWorking?uidis pumped back into the heat exchanger Where itisonce again heatedandvaporiZedbythecirculatinggeo?uid. Inasecondapproach,thehotcirculatinggeo?uidfromthe production Wellbore or Wellbores can be expanded directly 65PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
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