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US 6,668,554 B1 9 10 bon dioxide from the periphery of the hot dry rock fractured region to the far ?eld from the pressurized reservoir is further sloWed. Engineeredhotdryrockreservoirsareinherentlycon?ned reservoirs. The chemistry and nature of the circulating ?uid can be speci?ed by the operator because there is a minimum of ?uid leakoff from the hot dry rock reservoir region after an initial start-up period. Thus, only a small percent of the circulating ?uid is lost to ?uid leakoff from the periphery of the hot dry rock reservoir. 10 of carbon dioxide that Would otherWise end up in the atmosphere;(2)byreplacinganequivalentamountoffossil fueled energy production With clean, nonpolluting hot dry rock geothermal energy; and (3) by sequestering, over time, a very signi?cant amount of carbon dioxide deep in the earth throughthediffusionofsupercriticalcarbondioxideintothe rock mass surrounding the fractured hot dry rock reservoir. To elaborate upon the third point, Ahot dry rock geother mal poWer plant in accordance With the present invention hasthecapabilityofcontinuouslysequestering,bydiffusion into the surrounding rock mass, about as much carbon dioxide as that produced by a typical coal-?red poWer plant, considering each on a per MW-electric basis: 24 tons of carbon dioxide per day per MW(e). Also, With regard to the third point, for certain types of igneous and metamorphic rocks comprising the rock mass, the hot supercritical carbon dioxide diffusing outWard from the hot dry rock reservoir region is chemically bound up in therockbycarbonatingthecontainedcalcicfeldspars(e.g., labradoriteoranorthite).Thatis,forsupercriticalcarbon dioxide diffusing through hot, microcracked felsic or silicic rocks (e.g., granite, granodiorite, diorite or gabbro), the carbon dioxide reacts With the contained calcic feldspars, producing calcium carbonate as a precipitate With clays and othergeochemicallyalteredmaterials.Thus,theoutWard diffusion of carbon dioxide provides for long-term sequestration, With the carbon dioxide being chemically bound up in the rock mass. This eliminates any environ mental consequences from the possible sloW leakoff of carbondioxidefromthenear-reservoirregiontotheenvi ronment. The folloWing examples Will demonstrate the operability of the invention. The engineered reservoirs of this invention have other important advantages over naturally occurring reservoirs. The developer can specify the reservoir operating condi tions. The geo?uid injection pressure and temperature, and the geo?uid production pressure can be tailored to accom plish the production goals While accommodating naturally occurring conditions. The siZe of the hot dry rock reservoir is determined by the operator through the selection of the rate and duration of ?uid injection during reservoir creation byhydraulicfracturing.Theexpectedproductiontempera 20 ture is selected by choice of reservoir depth (and therefore rocktemperature). In accessing the fractured reservoir region, the operator hasachoiceastotheoptimumproductionstrategy,based 25 upon both production engineering and ?nancial consider ations. Conventional means of productivity enhancement can be used With the supercritical critical carbon dioxide geothermal production methods of this invention. For example,multilateralproductionWellscanbedrilledand30 used. Several methods of production well How impedance reduction can be employed. These include methods such as repeated pressure and temperature cycling of the near production Wellbore netWork of ?oWing fractures or use of chemical means to selectively dissolve certain of the con 35 stituent minerals occurring along the fracture surfaces. Because the invention hot dry rock reservoirs are engi EXAMPLE I In a constructive reduction to practice using data from an analogousgeothermalproductionsystem,acon?nedhotdry rock reservoir is created by fracturing a region of hot, dry igneous Precambrian crystalline rock located at Fenton Hill intheJemeZMountainsofnorthcentralNeWMexico.Core samples of igneous and metamorphic rock obtained from depthsrangingfrom 1.2to2.8km shoW thatthemean in-situ rock mass porosity is about 0.009% under in-situ stress conditions,andthatthecorrespondingpermeabilityisofthe orderof0.1to0.01microdarcies. FIG. 4 is a graph of measured permeabilities for three granitic core samples from Fenton Hill relative to the effective pressure. FolloWing the drilling and completion of a full-diameter deepinjectionWelltoadepthofabout4km,theWellis prepared for the subsequent fracturing operation by pressure-isolating the bottom 500 m or so of the uncased Wellbore. This is done by installing and cementing in a scab liner about 500 meters off bottom, With a high pressure frac stringconnectingthelinertothesurface.TheWellboreand frac string are then purged of al drilling ?uid and other Water-based ?uids by unloading the hole With gaseous carbon dioxide supplied from one or more of a variety of conventionalsources,Withthecarbondioxidepumped tothe bottomoftheholethroughcoiledtubing. Then, supercritical carbon dioxide is injected from the surfacethroughthefracstringandintothepressure-isolated intervalofopenholeWellbore,usinghighpressurecommer cial fracturing pumps. The region being fractured is a pre-jointedbodyofPrecambrianbiotitegranodioritecen teredatamean depthof4km Withatemperatureofabout 260° C. neered rather than naturally occurring, other operating options are available. For example, ifthe reservoir Were to beoperatedataninjectionpressurejustabovethefracture40 extension pressure, then the reservoir region could be con tinually groWn in a very controlled manner While providing an additional increment in poWer production because of the increased level of injection pressure and, therefore, a reduc tionintheoverallreservoir?oWimpedance.Inaddition,the 45 amount of carbon dioxide sequestration Would increase accordingly. If carefully controlled, this sloW reservoir groWth could effectively double the siZe of the hot dry rock reservoir in a decade. At that time a sloW drop in the productiontemperatureWouldbeanticipatediftheproduc 50 tion strategy had been Well planned. In a reservoir that had been groWn in this manner over a decade, the production Well or Wells could then be converted into injection Wells and more production Wells drilled further aWay from the originalinjectionWellsite.ThisWouldessentiallydoublethe 55 lifetime of the hot dry rock heat mine at the cost of drilling only the additional production Well or Wells While other capital costs had already been substantially amortiZed. When supercriticalcarbondioxideisusedasthegeo?uid inahotdryrockgeothermalenergysystem,theinvention60 can make a signi?cant contribution to solving a developing WorldWide environmental problem—that of continued glo bal Warming due to ever-increasing atmospheric concentra tions of carbon dioxide, one of the so-called “greenhouse gases.”Thiscontributionbytheinventionisprovidedin65 three Ways: (1) by tying up in the geo?uid inventory of the closed-loop hot dry rock circulation system a large amount 15PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
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