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US 2012/0186219A1 Jul.26,2012 preferred in a counter-?ow arrangement, so as to preheat the cellulosic material prior to entering the reactor 10. The noW preheated cellulosic material 20 and syngas 35 requires less energy Within the reactor 10, thus enabling the exothermic energy from the cellulosic reaction Will not be consumed (or at least less so) Within the reactor thus making this thermal energy available for additional Waste heat recovery poWer generation cycles or preheat of other raW materials. stream of the pressuriZing device 115 can enter the loW pres sure storage tank 130 either prior to entering the condenser 160 or after the condenser 160 (as shoWn in this FIG. 3). The loW-side mass ?oW rate is regulated independently of the high-sidemass ?oW rateby amethod ofcontrolrangingfrom mass ?oW rateofWasteheatexhaustslipstreamthroughpres sure increase achieved by the pressuriZing device 115 in addition to valves. The turbocompressor or turbopump 110 (Which can also be compressor or pump) discharges the noW supercriticalCO2 intothehighpressurestoragetank120as depicted, or alternatively through a bypass of the high pres sure storage tank 120. The high pressure storage tank 120 serves to isolate and buffer the mass ?oW rate, and pressure changesWithinthehigh-sidefromtheloW-side.The ScCO2 is then discharged through the Waste heat exhaust heat exchanger 75 to obtain thermal energy from the top cycle exhaust 60. It is understood that the only method to instanta neouslyrespondtopressuretransientsWithineitherthehigh side or loW-side such that neither impacts the other in a synchronous manner is to utiliZe both the high pressure stor age tank 120 and the loW pressure storage tank 130 in com binationWithanon-demandCO2 sourcefromthecombus tionexhaust.Withouttheon-demandCO2 sourceobtaining CO2 thatislocallygenerated,thehybridScCO2 cycleisnot economicallyoperated.ItisalsounderstoodthatCO2 dis charge valves to the ambient environment can be placed doWnstream of any component Within FIG. 3, but for the high-sideisoptimallylocateddoWnstreamofthehighpres sure storage tank 120 and upstream of the Waste heat exhaust heatexchanger75;andfortheloW-sideisoptimallylocated doWnstream of the expander 80 and upstream of the con denser 160. [0032] TurningtoFIG.3,FIG.3isasequential?oWdia gramofoneembodimentofahybridsupercriticalCO2 poWer generationcycleWithhigh-sideandloW-sidedecouplingin accordanceWiththepresentinvention.Thedecoupledsystem asdepictedinthisFIG.3obtainsCO2 fromthesamecyclein Which itobtains Waste heat. This as shoWn is from a top cycle 60, Which is preferably a ramjet or other gas turbine. The combustion exhaust from the top cycle transfers thermal energytotheScCO2 decoupledcyclethroughtheWasteheat exhaust heat exchanger 75, as knoWn in the art, to the high sideoftheScCO2 thermodynamiccycle(doWnstreamofthe highpressurestoragetank120,andupstreamoftheexpander 80). The preferred embodiment has the temperature of the WasteheatdoWnstreamoftheheatexchanger75 suchthatthe Water vapor condenses at this state point. In the event that the Watervaporisnotcondensed, amethod ofcontrolWithavalve (notshoWnintheFigure)isusedsuchthatonlyaslipstream of the Waste heat exhaust is transferred to a second Waste heat exchanger that serves as a Waste heat exhaust condenser 78. The balance of the non-utilized Waste exhaust, Which con tains CO2, H20 and other non-condensable gases 47 is ventedtotheatmosphere. IntheeventthatthepressuredoWn stream of the heat exchanger 75 is suf?ciently higher than ambientpressure,itisunderstoodthatanadditionalexpander can be utiliZed to further generate poWer. The Waste heat slipstreamdoWnstreamoftheexhaustcondenser78entersthe phaseseparator140toisolatetheCO2 fromothergasesand condensables prior to entering the CO2 cleanup 150 (as knoWn inthearttoincludemembrane separators,adsorption orabsorptionprocesses,mineralcarbonationWithreversibil ity,etc.)and?nallydischargingCO2 45havingatleast90% purity on a Weight basis (and preferably above 95% purity, andspeci?callypreferredtohaveover99%purity).A small pressuriZing device 115, such as a turbocompressor, com pressor,pump orturbopumpraisestheCO2 45toapressure ofatleast1psiabovethepressureoftheloWpressurestorage tank130.Theon-demandavailabilityofCO2 45originating from combustion exhaust enables the high-side pressure operations to be independent of the loW-side pressure opera tions, at least to the degree that the expander 80 discharge pressure can operate at a pressure of at least 1 psi above or beloWthepressureoftheloW-sidepressure(i.e.,upstreamof the ScCO2 condenser 160. The preferred operation of the high-side pressure as compared to the loW-side pressure (againdoWnstreamoftheexpander80relativetoupstreamof theexpander80).Thepreferredembodimenthasthetempera the condenser 160) is asynchronous, speci?cally meaning thatthemass ?oW rateofthehigh-sideisdifferentthanthe loW-side by at least 1 percent (preferably at least 5 percent, andspeci?callypreferredatleast10percentparticularlydur controlWithavalve(notshoWnintheFigure)isusedsuchthat ingtransitionperiodsofoperatione.g.,start-up,shut-doWn, Weather changes, altitude changes, etc.). The loW pressure storagetank130hasvalvestoregulatemass?oW intoandout ofthetank130 asknoWn intheart,suchthat?uidWithinthe tank is preferably entering the tank 130 at a relatively cooler temperature (i.e., as depicted to be doWnstream of the con denser160).ItisunderstoodthattheCO2 45fromdoWn only a slipstream of the Waste heat exhaust is transferred to a second Waste heat exchanger that serves as a Waste heat exhaustcondenser78.Thebalanceofthenon-utilizedWaste exhaust,WhichcontainsCO2,H20 andothernon-condens ablegases47isventedtotheatmosphere.Intheeventthatthe pressure doWnstream of the heat exchanger 75 is suf?ciently higherthanambientpressure,itisunderstoodthatanaddi [0033] TurningtoFIG.4,FIG.4isasequential?oWdia gram ofanotherembodiment ofahybridsupercriticalCO2 poWer generation cycle With high-side and loW-side decou pling in accordance With the present invention. The primary differencesbetWeenFIG.3andFIG.4,isthatFIG.4contains arecuperator170andalsohastheCO2 cleanup150doWn stream of the small pressuriZing device 115 (as compared to upstream in FIG. 3). The recuperator 170 transfers thermal energy from doWnstream of the expander 80 to doWnstream ofthehighpressurestoragetank120 (orjustdoWnstreamof the turbocompressor or turbopump 110, though depicted doWnstream of the high pressure storage tank 120). The decoupledsystemasdepictedinthisFIG.4obtainsCO2 from the same cycle in Which itobtains Waste heat. This as shoWn is from a top cycle 60, Which is preferably a ramjet or other gasturbine.Thecombustionexhaustfromthetopcycletrans fersthermalenergytotheScCO2 decoupledcyclethrough theWasteheatexhaustheatexchanger75,asknoWn intheart, tothehigh-sideoftheScCO2 thermodynamic cycle(doWn streamofthehighpressurestoragetank120,andupstreamof ture of the Waste heat doWnstream of the heat exchanger 75 such that the Water vapor condenses at this state point. In the event that the Water vapor is not condensed, a method ofPDF Image | HYBRID SUPERCRITICAL POWER CYCLE
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