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US 2012/0186219A1 Jul.26,2012 tionalexpandercanbeutilizedtofurthergeneratepower.The exhaustheatexchanger75;andfortheloW-sideisoptimally Waste heat slipstream downstream of the exhaust condenser 78 enters the phase separator 140 to isolate condensable from theCO2 andothergasespriortobeingpressurizedbythe small (relative to the pressurizing device 110) pressurizing device115.AtthenoWhigherpressure,theCO2 isseparated fromnitrogenandun-combustedoxygen.TheCO2 isfurther fractionatedbyenteringtheCO2 cleanup150(asknoWnin thearttoincludemembrane separators,adsorptionorabsorp tion processes, mineral carbonation With reversibility, etc.) and?nallydischargingCO2 45havingatleast90% purityon aWeightbasis(andpreferablyabove95% purity,andspeci? callypreferredtohaveover99% purity).The smallpressur izing device 115, such as a turbocompressor, compressor, pump orturbopumpraisestheCO2 45toapressureofatleast 1psiabovethepressureoftheloWpressurestoragetank130. Theon-demandavailabilityofCO2 45originatingfromcom bustionexhaustenablesthehigh-sidepressureoperationsto beindependentoftheloW-sidepressureoperations,atleastto the degree that the expander 80 discharge pressure can oper ate at a pressure of at least 1 psi above or beloW the pressure oftheloW-sidepressure(i.e.,upstreamoftheScCO2 con denser160.Thepreferredoperationofthehigh-sidepressure as compared to the loW-side pressure (again doWnstream of theexpander80relativetoupstreamofthecondenser160)is asynchronous, speci?callymeaning thatthemass ?oW rateof the high-side is different than the loW-side by at least 1 per cent (preferably at least 5 percent, and speci?cally preferred at least 10 percent particularly during transition periods of operatione.g.,start-up,shut-doWn,Weatherchanges,altitude changes, etc.). The loW pressure storage tank 130 has valves toregulatemass?oW intoandoutofthetank130asknoWnin theart,suchthat?uidWithinthetankispreferablyentering the tank 130 at a relatively cooler temperature (i.e., as depictedtobedoWnstreamofthecondenser160).Itisunder stoodthattheCO2 45fromdoWnstreamofthepressurizing device 115 can enter the loW pressure storage tank 130 either priortoenteringthecondenser160orafterthecondenser160 (as shoWn in this FIG. 3). The loW-side mass ?oW rate is regulatedindependentlyofthehigh-sidemass ?oW rateby a methodofcontrolrangingfrommass ?oW rateofWasteheat exhaustslipstreamthroughpressureincreaseachievedbythe pressurizing device 115 in addition to valves. The turbocom pressor or turbopump 110 (Which can also be compressor or pump) discharges the noW supercritical CO2 into the high pressure storage tank 120 as depicted, or alternatively through a bypass of the high pressure storage tank 120. The high pressure storage tank 120 serves to isolate and buffer the mass ?oW rate, and pressure changes Within the high-side fromtheloW-side.The ScCO2 isthendischargedthroughthe Waste heat exhaust heat exchanger 75 to obtain thermal energyfromthetopcycleexhaust60.Itisunderstoodthatthe onlymethodtoinstantaneouslyrespondtopressuretransients Within either the high-side or loW-side such that neither impacts the other in a synchronous manner is to utilize both the high pressure storage tank 120 and the loW pressure stor agetank130incombinationWithanon-demandCO2 source from the combustion exhaust. Without the on-demand CO2 sourceobtainingCO2 thatislocallygenerated,thehybrid ScCO2 cycleisnoteconomicallyoperated.Itisalsounder stoodthatCO2 dischargevalvestotheambientenvironment can be placed doWnstream of any component Within FIG. 3, but for the high-side is optimally located doWnstream of the highpressurestoragetank120andupstreamoftheWasteheat located doWnstream of the expander 80 and upstream of the condenser 160. [0034] Thedecoupledhigh-sidefromloW-sidevirtually eliminates the impact of transients from either side of the thermodynamic cycle from impacting the other. This is a particularlyimportantcapability,astheuseofjustonestorage tank fails to achieve the response times required to prevent pump cavitation. As knoWn in the art, each of the storage tanks (120 or 130) can have integrated heat exchangers to increaseordecreasethedensityoftheCO2 Withintherespec tivestoragetank(120or130).Additionally,thiscon?guration oftWo separatestoragetankshasthebene?tofbufferingany undesirable pressure transient to further isolate the pressure transient from reaching/impacting the moving/rotating equipment (110 and/or 80). The further ability to vent CO2 from either side (high-side or loW-side) enables response times faster than 5 seconds (preferably faster than 1 second, particularlypreferredfasterthan0.5seconds,andspeci?cally preferredfasterthan0.1seconds).A secondaryobjectiveof many future poWer generation systems is to sequester C02. The preferred embodiment of this invention utilizes CO2 obtained through the sequestration components, as knoWn in theart,toprovidethesourceofCO2. Itisalsopreferredsuch thatventingofCO2 outofeitherthehigh-sideorloW-sideis doneupstreamoftheCO2 sequestrationsystemtominimize “free” C02. The invention as disclosed here greatly reduces theotherWisetechnicalchallengeofpreventingCO2 leaks throughseals,cavitationWithinpump,turbopump,compres sor,orturbocompressor.TheabilitytoventCO2 leakstothe CO2 sequestrationsystem,andtotakeaslipstreamofthe sequestered CO2 to incorporate into the ScCO2 cycle, as disclosed into the loW-side pressure. It is understood that ventingfromthehigh-side,intheeventthattheloWpressure storage tank 130 has additional capacity, can be direct from thehigh-side(includingfromthehighpressurestoragetank 120) to the loW-side (including to the loW pressure storage tank130)thathasthebene?tofrequiringlessCO2 from being sequestered and/or isolated from the combustion exhaust. [0035] Asdisclosedinthisinvention,itisunderstoodthat high-side pressure ranges from 1200 psi to 6000 psi, prefer ablybetWeen2200psito3500psi,andspeci?callypreferred betWeen2700psiand3300psi.TheloW-sidepressureranges from 100 psi to 1800 psi, preferably betWeen 200 psi to 1000 psi,andparticularlypreferredbetWeen300psito700psi.The preferred discharge temperature of the top cycle is at a tem perature above 1000 degrees Fahrenheit, particularly pre ferred above 1500 degrees Fahrenheit, and speci?cally pre ferred above 2000 degrees Fahrenheit. [0036] TheutilizationofaScCO2cycleWithinloWtem perature environments is particularly desirable (i.e., beloW temperatures of 0 degrees Celsius) as a relatively loW-side pressureoflessthan500psi(andpreferablylessthan350psi) enables the CO2 to be in the liquid state. One such loW temperature environment is on an airplane, particularly an airplane that ?ies above 16,000 feet above sea level. The WasteheatfromthehybridScCO2 cycleispreferablydis charged through an embedded condenser Within the ?ight surfaces. The heating up of the air?oW, for example at the leading edge, enables higher lift to be achieved therefore servingasecondarybene?tbeyondtheremovalofWasteheat. [0037] ThehybridpoWergenerationsystemincreasesthe energy e?iciency of a Wide range of energy production sysPDF Image | HYBRID SUPERCRITICAL POWER CYCLE
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