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US 8,689,536B2 34 FIG. 15 isa graphical diagram ofan optimized laserbeam of the laser ignition system in accordance With an embodi ment; and FIG. 16 isa graphical diagram ofan optimized laserbeam of the laser ignition system in accordance With an embodi ment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Embodiments of the present disclosure are described lO herein With reference to the accompanying drawings. In the subsequent description, Well-known functions or construc tions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the dis closure in unnecessary detail. FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of an enhanced laser ignitionsystem10inaccordanceWithoneembodimentofthe invention.Inembodimentsoftheinvention,thelaserignition system10isconfiguredtogenerateandguidealaserbeamto focusintoachamber, suchasacombustionchamber202 ofan internal combustion engine 200, such as a gas turbine engine 201, to ignite combustive mediums, such as an oxygenated fuelmixturetherein.Inaddition,thelaserignitionsystemis configuredtoprovideemissiondiagnosticstodetectignition and flame out and assess local mixture composition, flame propagationandemissionsWithinthecombustionchamber25 202.Asusedherein,thephrase“internalcombustionengine” encompasses engines With continuous combustion and engines With intermittent combustion. Non-limiting examples of the internal combustion engine 200 includes a reciprocatingengine,agasturbineengine,ajetengine,a30 dieselengine,andarotaryengine. As illustratedinFIG. 1,thelaserignitionsystem 10 com prises the at least one laser light source 12 configured to generate a laserbeam 14 and an optical beam guidance com ponent16inopticalcommunicationWiththeatleastonelaser 35 light source 12 and configured to provide dual purposes: (i) guide the laserbeam 14 from the at least one laser light source 12 to focus into the combustion chamber 202 of the internal combustionengine200toprovideenhancedignition;and(i) transmitanemissionfromageneratedflameforflamediag 40 nostic purposes. Further, the laser ignition system 10 com prisesanignitioncontroller18coupledtotheatleastonelaser lightsource12tocontrolthegenerationofthelaserbeam 14 from the at least one laser light source 12 and a flame sensor andcontroldiagnostics20fordetectingthetransmittedemis 45 sion of the combustor flame and controlling combustion parametersassociatedWiththelaserbeam 14. Intheillustratedarrangement,theignitioncontroller18is separated from the at least one laser light source 12. Alterna tively, the ignition controller 18 may be integral With the at 50 least one laser light source 12. It should be noted that this disclosure is not limited to any particular controller for per formingtheprocessingtasksoftheinvention.Theterm“con troller”, as that term is used herein, is intended to denote any machinecapableofperformingthecalculations,orcompu 55 tations,necessarytoperformthetasksoftheinvention.The term “controller” is intended to denote any machine that is capableofacceptingastructuredinputandofprocessingthe input in accordance With prescribed rules to produce an out put,asWillbeunderstoodbythoseskilledintheart.In60 addition,theignitioncontroller18may providepoWertothe at least one laser light source 12. Insome applications,theignitioncontroller18may accept ignition requests from pilots and/or be operated based on engineoperationalparameters,suchascrankangles,speeds, 65 engineoperationaltemperatures,acceleratorpositions, exhaust quality, and measured fuel variables, etc. Accord ingly, in some examples, one or more detection units, such as photodetectors (not shown) knoW inthe artmay be provided to sense the operational parameters of the internal combus tionengine200,andmayrelaycorrespondinginformationto theignitioncontroller18tocontrolthegenerationand/orthe focusingofthelaserbeam 14. In one non-limiting example, the ignition controller 18 may includealasercontrolcircuitand/oranignitiontiming controlcircuit.As isknoWn intheart,thelasercontrolcircuit may synchronizelaseroscillationsWiththeignitiontiming. The ignition timing control circuit may include a control circuitthatincludesanignitiontimingcalculatingcircuitthat calculatestheignitiontimingbasedondetectedengineopera tionalconditions.Furtherdescriptionofsuchexamplecontrol unitsmay be found inU.S. Pat.No. 4,416,226, entitled“Laser ignitionapparatusforaninternalcombustionengine,”Which is assigned to the same assignee and incorporated by refer ence herein. In certain applications, an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) may be used as the ignition controller 18, or in conjunctionWiththeignitioncontroller18. In some embodiments, the at least one laser light source 12 may beanylaserapparatusknoW intheartthatiscapableof emittingsufiicientenergy,sothattheenergymay focusinto thecombustionchamber202oftheinternalcombustion engine 200 to ignite the combustive mediums, such as fuel, fuel-air mixtures or premixed mixtures therein. Examples of the at least one laser light source 12 include, but are not limitedto,Neodymium-typelasers,Erbium-typelasers,other solid-statelasers,orothersuitablelaserssuchassemiconduc torlasers. Insome embodiments, thelaserignitionprocessmay take place by any one or combination of at least three ignition mechanisms including, but not limited to, photochemical ignition,thermalignition,andlaser-inducedsparkignition.In photochemicalignition,laserphotonsdissociatetargetmol ecules, such as the fuel or fuel-air mixtures, into highly reac tiveradicalspecies.Theseradicalstheninitiatearapidchemi cal chain reaction, or combustion. As is knoWn in the art, photochemicalignitionrequiresaclosematchbetweenthe laserexcitationWavelengthandthetargetmolecule’sabsorp tion Wavelength in order for dissociation to occur. Thermal ignition uses a laser to increase kinetic energy, in translational, rational, or vibrational form, of target mol ecules.Asaresult,molecularbondsarebrokenandchemical reactions can take place. This mechanism may be used to ignitecombustiblesincombinationsofsolid,liquid,andgas phases. Heating of the material With this technique may be performedWithinfraredlasers. Inlaser-inducedsparkignition,alaserbeam isfocusedto createaplasmakemel,orspark.Suchsparkemitslight,heat, and a shock Wave to the surrounding medium, supplying energy to initiate combustion. The laser-induced spark igni tionmay primarilyconstituteathermalchemicalprocess,in Whichtheheatgeneratedinboththelasersparkandtheshock Wave isusedforignition. As depicted in FIG. 1, the optical beam guidance compo nent16isdisposedontheinternalcombustionengine200and isincommunicationWiththecombustionchamber202.More particularly,theopticalbeamguidancecomponent16maybe positioned in a combustor Wall of the combustion chamber 202 and may include an optical Window (described pres ently). The laser beam 14 from the at least one laser light source12may passthroughtheopticalbeam guidancecom ponent16andmaybefocused,imaged,ortransformedbyone ormoreoptics17,suchasoneormorelenses,prisms,orthe like,housedWithintheopticalbeamguidancecomponent16.PDF Image | Laser Ignition System
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