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US 8,689,536B2 56 According to example embodiments ofthe invention, the one or more optics 17 may be moveable in order to focus and/or steerthelaserbeam 14.Thus,thelaserbeam 14fromtheat leastonelaserlightsource12may beguidedandfocusedby theopticalbeamguidancecomponent16intothecombustion chamber 202 to ignite the fuel and fuel-air mixtures therein. detector 26 selected for its response Within Wavelength spec tra WindoWs of interest. For example, a silicon carbide (SiC) photodetectormaybeselectedbecauseofitssensitivitytothe ultra violet portion of the Wavelength spectrum, and there fore, may be suitable for sensing the emission from the excitedstateOH* radicalinthe300nm Wavelengthrange. TheOH* emissioncanbeaprimaryindicatorofchemical reactionintensity(heatrelease)andtherefore,Wavelengthsin the300nm regionmaybeusedtodeterminegastemperature. Ihelaserignitionsystem10illustratedinFIG.1further includes a means in Which combustion parameters are mea suredinthecombustionchamber202oftheinternalcombus tionengine200byselectivelydetectingspatial,temporal, Accordingtoanotherembodiment,asilicon(Si)photodetec and/or spectral light emissions from combustor burner flames.Morespeciflcally,theflamesensorandcontroldiag nostic component 20, in response to a transmitted light emis sion from the optical beam guidance component 16, is oper able to control one or more combustion parameters. According to embodiments of the invention, the measured combustion parameters may in turn be utiliZed to control various parameters of the internal combustion engine 200, including,butnotlimitedtofuelfloWrates,fuel/airratios,and fuel floW distributions to optimiZe nitrous oxide emissions, dynamic pressure oscillations, and fuel efflciencies, air/fuel ratio, combustion flame oscillations, combustion flame extinction,heatreleaseratio,orflametemperature. tormay beutiliZedformonitoringtheemissionfromchemi calspeciesinthe400to1000nm spectrumincludingCH* (about 430 nm) and C2*(about 514 nm). These flame radicals have been found to be proportional to heat release and local fuel-to-air ratio in pre-mixed flames. According to an example embodiment, associated detector electronics Within the flame sensor and control diagnostics 20 may be operable tocondition,amplify,flter,andprocessthesignalsfromthe atleastone opticaldetector26.The detectorelectronicsmay alsoprovidecontrolpositioningcomponentopticsWithinthe optical beam guidance component 16, including the optics 17. The output signal from the detector electronics may be used as a control signal for the flame sensor and control diagnostics system 20 and the ignition controller 16. For According to example embodiments of the invention, chemiluminescenceemissionsfromoneormoreflamesinthe 25 example,accordingtoanembodimentoftheinvention,the internalcombustionengine200maybemonitoredusingone ormoreopticaldetectorsformedasapartoftheflamesensor and control diagnostics 20. The light energy emissions receivedviatheopticalbeamguidancecomponent16maybe adjustthefuel/airratio.Furtherdescriptionofsuchexample spectrallyfllteredtoidentifythepartialcontributionofthe30 combustioncontroldiagnosticsmaybefoundinU.S.pending totallightemissionfromspeciflcexcited-statespeciessuchas OH*, CH*, C2* andCO2*. Ratiosofthesemeasuredsignals may be correlatedtothe fuel-to-airratio,heatreleaserate,and temperature. According to example embodiments, the time resolvedoutputfromopticaldetectorsmaybeanalyZedto35 gramsisalaserignitionsysteminaccordanceWithembodi revealunsteadyphenomenaassociatedWiththecombustion, andmay beusedtoindicatecombustion-acousticoscillations (combustion dynamics), incipient flame bloWout, and flame extinction.Inaddition,theoutputsignalsmay beusedas feedbackforuseinaclosed-loopcombustioncontrolsystem 40 30and34,respectively,conflguredgenerallysimilartothe (described presently). Various sensor options and conflgura tions for combustion control applications, according to embodiments oftheinvention,WillbedescribedWithrefer ence to the accompanying flgures. laser ignition 10, described in reference to FIG. 1 and having aportformedinthecombustorsideWallthroughWhichthe laserbeam 14passespositionedatadifferentlocationsonthe combustor Wall to illustrate different optical focusing mea FIG.1illustratesthelaserignitionsystem10asincluding45 suresbetweenthetWoembodiments. the flame sensor and control diagnostics 20 for controlling combustion parameters associated With the combustion chamber 202 of the internal combustion engine 200, accord ingtoanexampleembodimentoftheinvention.Intheillus tratedarrangement,theflamesensorandcontroldiagnostics 50 ture,31,asWellasignitionposition(s)ofthelaserbeam14 20 may be placed or mounted adjacent to the combustion chamber 202 and formed separate from the ignition controller 18 (as illustrated). Alternatively, the flame sensor and control diagnostics20maybeintegralWiththeignitioncontroller18 and/ortheatleastonelaserlightsource12.Iheflamesensor 55 WithregardtoFIG.1,anopticalbeamguidancecomponent and control diagnostics 20 may selectively detect light emis sion from flames 22 Within the combustion chamber 202 near a flame region 24 of the combustion chamber 202. The light emission from at least a portion of the flames 22 may pass throughtheopticalbeamguidancecomponent16andmaybe 60 bustivemedium,31suppliedintothecombustionchamber focused, imaged, ortransformedby theone ormore optics 17. Accordingtoexampleembodimentsoftheinvention,andas previously described, theone ormore optics 17 may be move able to vary the optical system fleld of vieW. 202,viaalaserspark32,ataregionofhighestignitability33 togenerateacombustorflameinaflameregion.As best illustratedinFIGS. 2 and 4,the laserbeam 14 isdirectedby the optical beam guidance component 16 to generate the laser Accordingtoanexampleembodimentoftheinvention,and 65 spark32inalocationthatcorrespondstoaregionofhighest With continued reference to FIG. 1, the flame sensor and ignitability 33 under normal operating conditions. During controldiagnostics20may furtherincludeatleastoneoptical criticalengineoperatingconditions,suchasunderinclement measuredratioofCH toOH chemiluminescence(CH*/OH*) may beutiliZedasfeedbackintheflamesensorandcontrol diagnostics 20, and may provide a control to dynamically patent application bearing Ser. No. l2/484,447, entitled “OpticalSensorsforCombustionControl,”whichisassigned to the same assignee and incorporated by reference herein. Referring noW to FIGS. 2-5, illustrated in schematic dia ments. For ease of illustration, the same numerals may be usedtoindicatesimilarelements intheflgures.Itshouldbe noted that depicted arrangements in FIGS. 2-5 are merely illustrative.IllustratedinFIGS.2-5arelaserignitionsystems In the depicted embodiments, provided are a plurality of fuelnoZZles28,ofWhichonlyoneisshoWn,intheinternal combustion engine 200 (FIG. 1). The fuel noZZle 28 is illus tratedtoshoW asprayofacombustivemedium, orfuelmix Within the combustion chamber 202. Depicted are laser arrangements Wherein the noZZles 28 are conflgured in opti cal alignment With the laser light source 12, and capable of receivinganemittedlaserbeam 14.As previouslydescribed 16 is conflgured proximate an outer liner 204 of the combus tion chamber 202. To provide enhanced ignition, the laser beam 14 is trans mitted to irradiate on the oxygenated fuel mixture, or comPDF Image | Laser Ignition System
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