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US 8,689,536B2 78 Weather conditions, and as best illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 5, the laser beam 14 is directed by the optical beam guidance component 16 to generate the laser spark 32 in a region of highest ignitability 33 that is nearer a tip of the nozzle 28. When thelaserbeam 14 isdirectedtogeneratethelaserspark 32 nearer the nozzle 28, it assists fuel atomization and pre ionizes the oxygenated fuel mixture 31 to improve flame stability and prevent flame out events. The laser spark 32 locationmay varyfordifferentfuelingmodes. Inonenon-limitingexample,duringoperation,theoptics 17 housed Within the optical beam guidance component 16 focusesandtransmitsthelaserbeam 14toWardsthenozzle28 to enter into the combustion chamber 202 and ignite the oxygenated fuel mixture 31 sprayed from the nozzle 28 at the desired location(s) of high ignitability 33. The optics 17 housedWithintheopticalbeamguidancecomponent16,may comprisediffractivecomponents,movingprisms,moving mirrors,optoacousticsWitchesand/orpolarization-based optics. More specifically, the optical beam guidance compo nent may include a conventional lens, or any lens With high efiiciency, and good focus that is suitable for relaying the laser beam 14 to ignite the combustive medium 31 at the regionofhighestignitability33Withinthecombustioncham ber202. Aspreviouslystated,duringcriticaloperativeconditions,25 the laser spark 32 may be directed to the region of highest ignitability 33. In the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG.4,illustratedistheregionofhighestignitability33being proximate a recirculation zone 41 inside the combustion chamber.Morespecifically,theregionofhighestignitability30 33 is proximate a shear layer 42 on a border of the recircula tion zone 41 and close to the tip of the fuel nozzle 28. The volume of the laser spark 32 is generally comparable to the size ofthe exit cross-sectional area of the tip of the nozzle 28 andhencetothevolumeofthefuelinjected.Duetothehigh 35 energydensityofthelaserspark32,thepilotfuelissubstan tially heated up close to the injection location. Moreover, the laser spark 32 may cause breakdown of the mixture in the vicinity of the tip of the nozzle 28 and generate shock Waves that propagate radially. In the embodiments illustrated in 40 FIGS. 2-5, by focusing the laser spark 32 to the region of highest ignitability 33, the viscosity of the fuel decreases, vaporization of the fuel increases, atomization of the fuel is supported by both the pre-heat and the interaction With the shockWaves,andthefuel-to-airmixtureislocallypre-ion 45 izedbythelaserspark32andhighlyreactiveradicalsandions are set free. The overall effect is of enhancing mixing and flame stability, Which can prevent a blow-off event. Referring noW to FIGS. 6 and 7, illustrated in schematic diagramsisalaserignitionsysteminaccordanceWith50 embodiments. It should be noted that depicted arrangements in FIGS. 6 and 7 are merely illustrative. Illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 are laser ignition systems 40 and 45, respectively, configured generally similar to the laser ignition 10, describedinreferencetoFIG.1andhavingpumplight55 enhancedignition. In the laser ignition system 35, illustrated in FIG. 6, the laserlightsource12isalaserdiodepump source13.During operation,aportionoftheemittedlight(nearinfraredpump laserlight)36ofthepump source13isextractedfromalaser cavity 37 and guided into the combustion chamber 202 to supportignitioninsteadofbeinglostasheat.By guidingthis emitted light 36 into the combustion chamber 202, the requiredcoolingrequirementsonthelaserportionofthelaser ignition system 35 is reduced. In the laser ignition system 38, illustrated in FIG. 7, the laserlightsource12isaflashlamppump source15.During operation,aportionoftheemittedlight(lighthavingaWave lengthofupto400nm)39ofthepump source15isextracted from a laser cavity 37 and guided into the combustion cham ber 202 to support ignition instead of being lost as heat. By guiding this emitted light 39 into the combustion chamber 202,therequiredcoolingrequirementsonthelaserportionof thelaserignitionsystem38isreduced. ReferringnoW toFIGS. 8-11,illustratedareembodiments ofanoptimizedlaserignitionsystemhavingintegrallycom bined thereWith a combustion diagnostics apparatus. Refer ring more specifically to FIG. 8, illustrated is a schematic diagram of a laser ignition system 40 in accordance With one embodiment. It should be noted that depicted arrangement in FIG.8ismerelyillustrative.Thelaserignitionsystem40is configuredgenerallysimilartothelaserignitionsystem10, describedinreferencetoFIG. 1.Inthedepictedembodiment, a plurality of nozzles, or combustor cups, 30 in the internal combustion engine 200 are illustrated to shoW a spray of the combustivemediums,asWellasignitionposition(s)ofthe laserbeam 14Withinthecombustionchamber202.Depicted isamulti-laserarrangementwhereinthepluralityofnozzles 30 are each configured in optical alignment With a laser light source 12, each capable of receiving an emitted laser beam 14.AspreviouslydescribedWithregardtoFIG.1,anoptical beam guidance component 16 is configured proximate an outerliner204 ofthe combustion chamber 202.An innerliner 206 as illustrated in FIG. 8 further defines the combustion chamber 202. Inthisexemplaryembodiment,thelaserignitionsystem40 further includes an ignition controller 18 and flame sensor andcontroldiagnostics20.Intheillustratedarrangement,the ignition controller 18 and the flame sensor and control diag nostics20may beplacedormountedproximatetothecom bustionchamber202andformedasasingleintegratedcom ponent coupled to the at least one laser light source 12. Alternatively, the ignition controller 18 and the flame sensor and control diagnostics 20 may be formed as separate com ponents.Furthermore,inyetanotheralternativeembodiment theignitioncontroller18andtheflamesensorandcontrol diagnostics 20 may be formed integral With the at least one laser light source 12. As illustrated in FIG. 8, the internal combustion engine 200, and more particularly the outer liner 204 defines a plu ralityofopening(notlabeled).Eachofapluralityofoptical beam guidance components 16 comprises a housing 19 and required optics 17. Each housing 19 is accommodated into one of the plurality of openings With one end thereof, so that each of the housings 19 is held onto the combustion engine 200andcommunicatesWiththecombustionchamber202.In certainapplications,eachoftheopticalbeam guidancecom ponents16may comprisemorethanonelens,morethanone prism,diffractiveoptics,optoacousticsWitches,and/orother optics. The housings 19 may be of any shape suitable for holdingtherequiredoptics17. In the depicted embodiments, provided are a plurality of fuel nozzles 28, of Which only one is shoWn, in the internal combustion engine 200 (FIG. 1). The fuel nozzle 28 is illus tratedtoshoWasprayofthecombustivemediums31,asWell 60 asignitionposition(s)ofthelaserbeam 14Withinthecom bustion chamber 202. Depicted are laser arrangements Wherein the nozzles 28 are configured in optical alignment With the laser light source 12, and capable of receiving an emittedlaserbeam14.AspreviouslydescribedWithregardto 65 FIG.1,anopticalbeamguidancecomponent16isconfigured Inonenon-limitingexample,duringoperation,theoptics proximate an outer liner204 ofthe combustion chamber 202. housedWithineachoftheopticalbeamguidancecomponentsPDF Image | Laser Ignition System
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