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11 sionfromatleastaportionoftheflames22may passthrough thecoupledopticalbeamguidancecomponent16andmaybe focused, imaged, or transformed by the one or more optics 17 onto the at least one optical detector 27 housed Within the ignition controller 18 and the flame sensor and control diag nosticscomponent20.Themulti-laserarrangementdepicted in FIG. 11 provides for individually controllable laser emis sions and a means in Which combustion parameters are mea sured for each of the individual laser beams 14 by selectively detectingspatial,temporal,and/orspectrallightemissions from each of the combustor burner flames 22. According to embodiments of the invention, the measured combustion parametersmay inturnbeutilizedtocontrolvariousparam etersoftheinternalcombustionengine200,including,butnot limitedtofuelflowratesofeachindividualnozzle30,fuel/air 5 ratios, and fuel flow distributions to optimize nitrous oxide emissions, dynamic pressure oscillations, and fuel efficien c1es. lnatypicallasersystem,thelaseroutputisnotconditioned, thus optimized, for ignition applications such as that dis closed in the previous laser ignition systems illustrated in FIGS. 2-11. ln an attempt to develop more powerful, effective andflexibleignitersforinternalcombustionengines,suchas engine200,laserpulseconditioning,includingalaserpulse shapeinbothtemporalandspatialdomains,asequenceof25 pulses generated by the at least one laser light source 12 and an energy content of the laser beam 14 pulses must be addressed. Referring more specifically to FIGS. 12-16, illus tratedaregraphicaldiagramsdescribingsuchlasercondition 1ng. ReferringnoW toFIG. 12,illustratedinagraphicaldiagram 60referencedbythelaserpulseintensity61versustime62,is anoptimizedpulseshape(timedomain)forthelaserignition source, and more particularly laser beam 14, in accordance Withanembodimentofthelaserignitionsystem,suchas 35 system 10 (FIG. 1). ln this exemplary embodiment, a laser igniterWithanoptimizedtimeprofileforthelaserbeam 14,as ilustrated,isoptimizedtoprovideimprovedignitabilityby generatinganinitialspark63Withashort,highintensitypeak andbysubsequently,heatinguptheflamekernelWithalong,40 loW intensity tail 64 of the pulse. 12 negative directions and compresses the gas confined in the central volume 74, thus leveraging the breakdown effect and generating a more poWerful plasma. Therefore a laser light source, such as supply 12 (FIG. 1), producing a spatial laser beam donut profile 72, provides for an optimized ignition aplication. ReferringnoW toFIG. 15,illustratedinagraphicaldiagram 75referencedbyalaserpulseintensity76versustime77and flame kernel emissivity 78 and time 77, and in accordance With an embodiment of the laser ignition system, such as system10(FIG.1),isavariablelaserpulseenergy80includ ing a closed loop ignition control. ln an exemplary embodi ment, in an attempt to optimize laser ignition, a closed loop systemmeasuresflamekernelemissivity78andmayadapt the laser pulse energy from the at least one laser light source 12 (FIG. 1) to minimize the energy demand for reliable igni tion. As illustrated in FIG. 15, during operation, detector 26 (FIG.1)andtheflamesensorandcontroldiagnostics20(FIG. 1)detectandmonitortheflamekernelemissivity78todeter mine ifithas met a threshold value 82. FIG. 15 illustrates a failedevent83,Wherethedetectedflamekernelemissivity78 failed to reach threshold value 82 and a successful event 84, Where the detected flame kernel emissivity 78 successfully reachedthethresholdvalue82.Optimizingthelaserignition, andmoreparticularlyflamekernelemissivity,may reducethe requirements on laser poWer and laser cooling and may reduce the maintenance intervals, ultimately extending the igniter lifetime. lt also leads to smaller size for the ignition controller 18 (FIG. 1), flame sensor and control diagnostics 20 (FIG. 1) and poWer electronics. ln addition, as best illustrated in FIG. 16 in a graphical diagram 85 referenced by a laser pulse intensity 76 versus time 77 and flame emissivity 86 and time 77, and in accor danceWithanembodimentofthelaserignitionsystem,such as system 10 (FIG. 1), is the variable laser pulse energy 80 including a closed loop ignition control. ln addition to mea suring the flame kernel emissivity 78, as described With regard to FIG. 15, the closed loop system measures flame emissivity86andmayadaptthelaserpulseenergyfromthe at least one laser light source 12 (FIG. 1) to minimize the energy demand for sustaining the flame leg (e.g. during inclementWeatherconditions).As illustratedinFIG. 16,dur ingoperations,detector26(FIG.1)andtheflamesensorand controldiagnostics20(FIG.1)maydetectandmonitorthe flameemissivity86todetermineifithasmaintainedathresh old value 87. chamber202isoptimizedasdiagrammed.lnthisexemplary 50 embodiment, the extended spark duration 68 enhances the energy transfer to the spark 66 and the associated flame ker nel. 87andflameinstability89,Wherethedetectedflameemis sivity86isnotstableandfailstomaintainthethresholdvalue 87. Optimizing laser ignition, and more particularly flame emissivity,may reducetherequirementsonlaserpoWerand lasercoolingandmay reducethemaintenanceintervals,ulti matelyextendingtheigniterlifetime.ltalsoleadstosmaller size for the ignition controller 18 (FIG. 1), flame sensor and control diagnostics 20 (FIG. 1) and poWer electronics. US 8,689,536B2 30 ReferringnoW toFIG. 13,illustratedinagraphicaldiagram 65 referenced by the laser pulse intensity 61 versus time 62, and in accordance With an embodiment of the laser ignition system,suchassystem10(FIG.1),isanoptimizedpulse45 sequenceofaspark66forthelaserbeam 14.lnanattemptto extend duration 68 of the spark 66 and enhance the energy transfer to the spark 66, and hence to the flame kernel, the pulsesequenceofthespark66forignitioninthecombustion flameemissivity88isstable,maintainingthethresholdvalue ReferringnoW toFIG. 14,illustratedinagraphicaldiagram 70inaccordanceWithanembodimentofthelaserignition 55 system, such as system 10 (FIG. 1), is a spatial laser beam profile(donutshape)72referencedbythelaserpulseinten sity 71 and 73. Typically, laser beam profiles of high poWer lasersareGuassian-like,meaningthatthepeakintensityisat thecenterofthelaserbeam, suchasthelaserbeam 14.To 60 optimizelaserignition,adonut-shapedprofile,suchasthatof opticalbeamguidancecomponentisutilizedtoperformdual the spatial laser beam profile 72, provides an increase in ignitability by confining part of the fuel mixture in a central volume 74 surrounded by a ring of gas exposed to the laser energy.Ateachlaserpulse,thegasintheringisbrokendoWn 65 andgeneratesaspark,suchasflame22(FIG.1).Theassoci ated shock Wave propagates radially in both positive and rolesforbothlaserignitionatapointofhighestignitability and combustion diagnostics. ln addition, disclosed is a laser ignition system in Which optimization of the laser beam is provided.Thedisclosedintegratedsystemmayprovidefor loWerNO* emission,improvedreliabilityandignitability, shorter response time to flame outs in the form of immediate FlG. 16 illustrates flame stability 88, Where the detected Accordingly, described is a laser ignition system and method for an internal combustion engine, and more particu larlyagasturbineengine,inWhich,amongstotherthings,anPDF Image | Laser Ignition System
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