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US 2012/0291433A1 Nov.22,2012 LOW TEMPERATURE RANKINE CYCLE SOLARPOWERSYSTEMWITHLOW CRITICAL TEMPERATURE HFC OR HC WORKING FLUID BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] ThepresentinventionrelatestotheloWtemperature Rankine cycle solar power systems using loW critical tem perature hydro?uorocarbons (HFC) or hydrocarbons (HC) Working ?uid to produce solar electric poWer economically, bycombiningsolarhotWatercollectorsWithorganicRankine cyclepoWersystems.Inparticular,theinventionrelatestothe useofloWcriticaltemperatureHFC orHC refrigerantsasthe Working ?uid in for organic Rankine cycle poWer system poWeredbyloWtemperaturesolarthermalenergy. [0002] ThereisacontinuingdemandforcleanreneWable energy sources due to the depletion of the earth’s supply of fossil fuels and concerns over the contribution to global Warming from combustion of fossil fuels. [0007] Heretofore,theRankinecyclehasbeenappliedto convert high temperature thermal energy into mechanical or electricityenergyinveryexpensivecomplexplantscompris ing steam driven turbines typically operating Within a tem perature range of 400° C. to 5000 C., under very high pres sure.Fossilfuelsareusedtodriveboilers,Whichproducethe high temperature, and high pressure steam. Fossil fuel con versione?icienciesofthesetypesofinstallationsmay beas high as approximately thirty seven percent (37%). HoWever itshighboilingpoint(100°C.)andhighcriticaltemperature (374.3°C.)makesWaterunattractivefortheloWtemperature solar thermal applications, With very loW e?iciency. [0008] Therefore,theabove-identi?edsolartechnologies have failed to provide reliable, loW cost, e?icient, and vari able capacity systems by Which solar energy is converted to electrical energy. For these reasons, only a small fraction, currentlylessthanonepercentofelectricityproducedinthe Worldexploitssolarenergy. [0009] ThereisaneedforsolarenergyconversionpoWer plants, Which are reliable, e?icient, cost effective, and siZe variable to meet both loW and high capacity demands for electricalenergy. [0003] Solarenergyisfreelyanddailyavailable.Itisa clean,non-pollutingsourceofenergy.Additionallythereisan enormous amount of solar energy provided by the sun to the surfaceoftheearththatisavailableWithoutsigni?cantenvi solarheat,Withoutdependingonthecomplexofsuntracking ronmental impact. The amount of solar energy impinging on the earth’s surface in l h is equivalent to the amount of energy consumed by mankind in 1 year, and amount of solar energy impinging at any particular area is a function of the geo graphiclocation,atmosphericconditionsandseasonchange. HoWever, for many terrestrial locations, the solar energy impingesontheearth’ssurfacedoesnotrequireexploration, extraction and re?ning. HoWever, itmust be realiZed that one ofthedraWbackstosolaristhathalfoftheearthisindarkness foraverylargeportionofthedailycycle.Consequently,solar mustbecombinedWithameans ofenergystorageinorderfor ittobepractical. [0004] SomeeffortstoutiliZethisenergyhavebeenpur sued,butWithlimitedsuccess.Inoneapproach,photovoltaic (“PV”)devicesmade ofspecialiZedsiliconmaterials,ableto directlyconvertsunlightintoelectricity.Thoughsimpleand clean,evenafteryearsofdevelopment,PV devicesremain quite expensive and cost prohibitive, resulting in long pay backperiods. [0005] Solarthermalelectricenergy(STE)isanother branch of solar energy. STE poWer is generated using heat from the sun. Solar collectors concentrate the energy of the sun to produce high temperature thermal energy betWeen 400° C. and 800° C., and this thermal energy is converted to electricity using conventional or advanced heat engines. Therearethreekindofsolarthermalelectric(STE)technolo gies:parabolictroughs,poWertoWers,anddish/enginesys tems. These three kinds of STE technologies depend on the high concentration of solar energy, thus requiring sun con centrating and tracking systems and high levels of direct normal solarradiation. [0006] Thesethreekindsofsolarthermalelectric(STE) technologies also use thermodynamic cycle process for con verting heat into mechanic or electrical energy. Conventional solar thermal poWer plants create electricity by using high temperature(over400°C.)energy,Whichrequirescomplex devicesforconcentratingdilutesolarenergytoconcentrated hightemperaturessolarenergy.Thecycleprocessesareoper ated in this case, for example, on the basis of the classic Rankine cycle With Water as its Working ?uid. and concentrating system. The approaches described herein meet that need, Which combine the solar hot Water collectors With the novel loW temperature organic Rankine cycle tech nology. [0011] ThesolarhotWatercollectorsareverydeveloped technology and are loW cost solar products. There are thou sands of solar hot Water collector manufactures in the World and over 10 billion dollars market every year. Solar hot Water systemiseconomicallyavailabletocompeteWithtraditional hotWatersystemslikenaturegassystemandmassproduction ofsolarcollectorscanmake thecombinationofthesolarhot WatercollectorsWithorganicRankinecyclesystemeconomi callyviable. [0012] Therearebasicallythreetypesofsolarthermalcol lectorsthatareusedforthesolarhotWatersystems:?at-plate, evacuated-tube, and concentrating. All solar hot Water sys tems can produce hot Water With a temperature about 60° C. or someWhat loWer. [0013] Flat-Plate collectors comprise of an insulated, Weatherproofbox containingadarkabsorberplateunderone or more transparent or translucent covers. Water or heat con ducting?uidpassesthroughpipeslocatedbeloWtheabsorber plate.As the?uid?oWs throughthepipesitisbeingheated. This style of collector, although inferior in many Ways to evacuatedtubecollectors,isstilthemostinexpensivetypeof collector for solar hot Water systems. But at the temperature range over 60° C., the thermal collecting ef?ciency of ?at plate collectors is very loW due to the large heat loss. [0014] EvacuatedTubesolarWatercollectorsaremadeup of roWs of parallel glass tubes. There are several types of evacuated tubes (sometimes also referred to as Solar Tubes). [0015] Type1(Glass-Glass)tubesconsistoftWoglass tubes, Which are fused together at one end. The inner tube is coated With a selective surface material that absorbs solar energy Well but inhibits radiative heat loss. The air is With draWn (“evacuated”) from the space betWeen the tWo glass tubes to form a vacuum, Which eliminates conductive and convectiveheatloss.Glass-glasssolartubesmay beusedina numberofdifferentcon?gurations,includingdirect?oW,heat pipe,andU pipe. [0016] Type2(Glass-Glass-Water?oWpath)tubesincor porateaWater?oW pathintothetubeitself.TheproblemWith [0010] Thisinventionprovidesgoodsolutionsforcost reduction to produce electricity by using loW temperaturePDF Image | LOW TEMPERATURE RANKINE CYCLE SOLAR POWER SYSTEM
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