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US 2012/0291433A1 Nov.22,2012 these tubes is that ifa tube is ever damaged, Water Will pour from the collector and the collector has to be shutdown and thetubereplacementisrequired. [0017] Type3(Glass-Glassheatpipe)tubesincorporatea heat transfer liquid into the inner glass tube itselfas the function of heat pipe. This kind of tube performs better in overcastconditionsandloWtemperatureenvironmentsandis the one inexpensive type of collector for solar hot Water systems. [0018] Type4(Metal-Glass)tubesconsistofasingleglass tube. Inside the glass tube is a ?at or curved aluminum plate, WhichisattachedtoacopperheatpipeorWater?oW pipe.The aluminum plate is generally coated With Tinox, or similar selectivecoating.ThesetubesperformveryWellinovercast conditions and very loW temperature environments. At high temperature about 80° C., only metal-glass tubes collectors are able to achieve a thermal e?iciency high than 70%. Insu lation temperature of metal-glass evacuated tubes can reach 200° C. from solar, average heat ef?ciency can stilbe more than 50%; even in an environment of beloW —50° C. These types of tubes are very e?icient in solar heat collecting and mostsuitablefororganicRankinecyclesystemapplications. [0019] ForheatsourcesWithloWtemperatures,aWide diversity of technologies has been developed over recent years, Which make itpossible to convert loW temperature heat into mechanical or electrical energy. A process knoWn as organicRankinecycle(ORC)WithloWboilingpointorganic Working?uidstandsout.VariousorganicRankinecyclesfor differentapplicationsbetWeen100°C.and352°C.havebeen developedonthebasisoftheORC WithdifferentWorking ?uids. [0020] TheorganicRankinecycle(ORC)isapromising systemforconversionofloWandmediumtemperatureheatto electricity. The ORC poWer system Works like a Rankine steampoWerplant,butusesaloWboilingpointorganicWork ing?uidinsteadofWater.A certainchallengeisthechoiceof theorganicWorking?uidandoftheparticulardesignofthe cycle.The systemsstilneedtoimprovethee?iciencyWhen using loW temperature heat source. Moreover, the Working ?uid also has to ful?ll the safety criteria, be environmental friendly, and loW cost for a poWer plant. [0021] TheOrganicRankinecycle(ORC)isavaporpoWer cycleWithanorganic?uidastheWorking?uid.Functionally, itresemblesthesteamcyclepoWerplant:apump increases thepressureofcondensedliquidWorking?uid,thisliquidis vaporiZedinanevaporator/boilerbyextractingheat,thehigh pressureWorking?uidvaporexpandsinaturbine,producing poWer, and the loW pressure vapor leaving the turbine is condensed in a condenser before being sent back to the pump torestartthecycle. [0022] Thee?iciencyoftheORCsystemisdependingon the temperature difference betWeen the temperature of con densation(temperatureofthesurrounding)andthereachable temperatureofvaporization.ButthetypesofWorking?uids alsohaveabigimpactonthee?iciencyofanorganicRankine cyclesystem.ManytypesofWorking?uidshavebeenusedin organicRankinecycleturbineinthepast,includingvarious refrigerants and hydrocarbons. The e?iciency ofthe ORC processcanreachnearly10% atatemperatureof100°C.and nearly20% atatemperatureof150°C.Variousrefrigerants andhydrocarbonsastheirWorking?uidhavebeenutiliZedfor various cycles for different applications betWeen 100° C. and 352° C. [0023] ForloWtemperaturesolarpoWerapplications,U.S. Pat. No. 7,340,899 to Jeffrey discloses a loW ef?ciency solar air motor generator system With the HCFC refrigerant Wherein the solar energy collector is constructed from a plu rality of heat exchanger of the kind used as evaporator in automobile air conditioners. Another U.S. Pat. No. 4,103,493 to James L discloses a loW e?iciency apparatus comprising in combination,adirectboilsolarcollector,Whichboilsarefrig erant therein, a Ranking cycle engine for converting heat energy to kinetic energy With chlorine containing Working ?uids.HoWever,bothofthepatentscouldnotchoosethehigh e?iciency, and environmental friendly Working ?uid for the solar energy applications. Their Working ?uids remain the concerns on loW oZone depletion potential and loW e?iciency. [0024] Therefore,itisimpossibletocombineconventional ORC systemWiththesolarhotWatercollectorsWithbetter e?iciency, because the temperature of the heat source col lected by a solar hot Water system is too loW. Thus there is a need to improve the ORC Working ?uids and systems for producingelectricityfromtheloWtemperatureofsolarheat source betWeen 40° C. to 100° C. With better e?iciency and loW cost. The approaches described herein meet that need, Which combines a solarhot Water system With the loW critical temperatureHFC orHC Working?uidorganicRankinecycle technology to produce electricity With high e?iciency and loW cost. Providing a reliable, long-term, cost effective, and e?icientWay ofusingsunlighttoobtainelectricalpoWerthat has long been an unsolved problem, until the present inven tion. This invention makes itpossible to solve this problem. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0025] Inbriefsummary,thepresentinventionovercomes orsubstantiallyalleviateslongtermproblemsofthepriorart by Which solar energy is cost effectively converted to electri cal energy. The present invention also provides the method anddeviceforconversionofloWtemperaturethermalenergy, Whereverobtained,toelectricalenergyusinganovelorganic Rankinecyclesystemtodriveanelectricalgenerator,inacost effectiveWay.ThenovelorganicRankinecyclesystemcando other Work as Well. The present invention provides reliable, costeffectiveWays forconversionofsolarenergyandthermal energy to electricity, Where the siZe of the system can be correlatedtothedesiredcapacity. [0026] Withtheforegoinginmind,itisaprimaryobjectof the present invention to overcome or substantially alleviate long term problems of the prior art by Which solar energy is converted to thermal energy and the thermal energy is there after,convertedtoelectricalenergy. [0027] Anotherparamountobjectofthepresentinvention is to provide reliable, cost effective systems and methods for conversion of solar energy to electricity and thermal energy and to thereafter, use the thermal energy to create additional electricityordootherWork,WherethesiZeofanysuchsystem can be correlated to a desired capacity. [0028] Anotherimportantobjectistoprovidesystemsand methods for the conversion of loW temperature thermal energy, Wherever obtained, to electrical energy or do other WorkusinganovelorganicRankinecyclesystembyWhicha generatorisdrivenoranotherWorkperformingmechanismis driven, in a cost effective Way. [0029] Itisafurthervaluableobjecttoprovidethenovel Working?uidsfororganicRankinecyclesystemandrelated methodology. [0030] Ithasbeendiscoveredbythisinvention,thatsome loWcriticaltemperatureWorking?uidshaveuniqueloWtem peratureapplicationsasaWorking?uidinanorganicRankine cyclesystem.OneexampleofpreferredWorking?uidsis hydro?uorocarbons (HFC) or hydrocarbons (HC), Which have loW critical temperature (LCT), and loW boiling point (LBT). The present invention provides hydro?uorocarbonsPDF Image | LOW TEMPERATURE RANKINE CYCLE SOLAR POWER SYSTEM
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