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US 7,910,078B2 12 METHOD OF CAPTURING CARBON DIOXIDE FROM GAS STREAMS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims the bene?t under 35 USC §119(e)toUS. provisionalpatentapplicationsNos. 60/823, 313 and 60/893,926 ?led onAug. 23, 2006 and Mar. 9, 2007, respectively,thecontentsofWhichareincorporatedbyrefer ence intheirentirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for capturing or removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream. Particularly, the present invention relates to a method for removing carbon dioxide from a gas stream by an amine-containing liquid absorbent. 20 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The production and use of fossil fuels contribute to an increase in emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), espe ciallycarbondioxide(CO2)andotherpollutantssuchas25 oxides of sulfur (SOX) and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). In Canada, CO2 constitutes the largest fraction of greenhouse gasemissions,accountingforabout80% ofthetotalgreen housegasesemitted.Besidesitsgreenhouseeffects,CO2 is alsoblamedforclimatechangesandglobalWarming.30 Through rati?cation of the Kyoto protocol, Canada is com mitted to cap greenhouse gas emissions by 6% beloW the 1990 level. To achieve this target, there needs to be a reduction ofabout39% ofgreenhousegasemissionsfromtheprojected levelsby2010orabout240milliontonnesofCO2.Asaresult, 35 largepointsourcesofCO2 emissionssuchascoal-?redpoWer plants, re?neries, cement manufacturers and the like need to bemonitoredandstringentlyregulated. GulfPublishingCo.,Houston,Tex.,1997).Thus,forover70 years,alkanolamineshavelongbeenthesolventofchoicefor CO2 removalonacommercialscale.Infact,aqueousalkano lamine solutions are the most Widely used solvents for CO2 and H2S absorption. For many years, the basic alkanolamine process for CO2 capture has remained unchanged but current demands to reduce energy consumption, decrease solvent losses and improveairandWaterqualitieshaveresultedinseveralmodi ?cations to upgrade the process. The most important improvementistheintroductionofspeciallyformulatedsol vents. Depending on the process requirements, for example, selective removal of H2S and/or CO2-bulk removal, several optionsforalkanolamine-basedtreatingsolventsWithvary ingcompositionsareavailable. Recently,somecompanieshavedevelopedproprietaryhin dered amines for use in removing acid gases from liquid and gasstreams.A neWclassofamines,inparticularsterically hindered amines, has thus been introduced as commercially attractiveamines.Thesehinderedaminescanbeeitherpri mary such as 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), or sec ondary, such as diisopropanolamine (DIPA), and they have beenfoundtorequiremuch lessenergyforregenerationthan conventional alkanolamines. Accordingly, these hindered aminesareusefulaspromotersandascomponentsoforganic physicalsolvent/aminesystems.Furthermore,theyhavebeen foundtobeusefulinselectiveabsorptionofH2S inthepres enceofCO2 (Sartori,G.andLeder,E,US. Pat.No.4,112, 050; Sartori, G. and Leder, E, US. Pat. No. 4,112,051; and Sartori,G.andLeder,E,US.Pat.No.4,112,052). In addition to the sterically hindered amines described above, some companies have developed formulated amines. Generally, formulated amines are broadly de?ned as amines that have been speci?cally formulated to perform a speci?c task,forexample,selectiveseparationofH2Sfromlight hydrocarbonsinthepresenceofCO2,bulkseparationofCO2, etc. (Chakma, A., “Separation ofAcid Gases from PoWer Plant Flue Gas Streams by Formulated Amines”, Separation Technology, Vol. 11, pp. 727-737, 1994; and Chakma, A., “FormulatedSolvents:NeWOpportunitiesforEnergyEf? cientSeparationofAcidGases”,EnergySources,Vol.21,pp. 51-62,1999).A formulatedaminemayconsistofasingle AlthoughcapturedCO2 canbeusedinaWidevarietyof industrialapplications,suchasintheenhancedoilrecovery 40 processes, in Which recovered CO2 can be used to produce more oilfrompetroleumreservoirsWhilepartoftheCO2 is simultaneouslysequesteredinthereservoir,asWellasinthe solvent such as 3-(dimethylamino)-1,2-propanediol manufacturingofcommoditychemicals,inWhichrecovered CO2canbeusedasapotentialchemicalfeedstock,thepro 45 cessofcapturingCO2 e?icientlyfromgasstreamsisdif?cult to perform. Thus, intensive research efforts have been made in recent years to develop methods for recovering the CO2 emitted from industrial gas streams and for storing the recov eredCO2 Withoutdischargingitintotheatmosphere. Conventionally,toreachadesiredtargetforCO2 capture, aqueous alkanolamine solutions have been used to absorb CO2 from loW-pressure streams such as ?ue gases emitted frompoWerplants.A commonlyusedalkanolamineismono ethanolamine,MEA.Fromastructuralstandpoint,oneofthe 55 advantagesofusingalkanolaminesisthattheycontainatleast one hydroxyl group, Which helps to reduce the vapor pres sures of alkanolamines and thus minimiZe the losses of the productduringhotregeneration.Anotheradvantageofusing alkanolaminesisthatthepresenceofthehydroxylgroup60 increasesthesolubilityofthealkanolaminesinaqueoussolu tions,thusalloWingtheuseofhighlyconcentratedabsorbing solutions. Yet another advantage of using alkanolamines is that the presence of the amino group provides the necessary alkalinitytoabsorbCO2(Kohl,A.L.andReisenfeld,F.C.,65 GasPuri?cation,4thed.,GulfPublishingCo.,Houston,Tex., 1985;Kohl,A.L.andNielsen,R.B.,GasPuri?cation,5thed., (DMAPD) (Iijima,M. andMitsuoka,S.,US. Pat.No. 5,736, 115)or2-(diethylamino)-ethanol(DEAE)(Yoshida,K., Mimura, T., Shimojo, S., Karasaki, M., Iijima, M., Seto, T. andMitsuoka,S.,US. Pat.No.6,500,397)orasolventmix ture such as a mixture of modi?ed polyamines With formal dehydeorWithformaldehydeandphenol(Rinaldi,G.,“Acid Gas Absorption by Means ofAqueous Solutions ofRegener able Phenol-Modi?ed Polyalkylenepolyamines”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.,Vol.36,pp.3778-3782, 1997;andFilippis,P.D., Giavarini,C.,Maggi,C.,Rinaldi,G.andSila,R.,“Modi?ed PolyaminesforCO2absorption.Production,Preparationand Characterization”,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.,Vol.39,pp.1364 1368, 2000) in aqueous solution. Most of the proprietary solvents marketed by the major solvent manufacturers for CO2 capture are based on formulated amines. By judicious choice of a formulated amine or an amine mixture, the pro cesse?iciencyofremovingacidgasesfromliquidandgas streams can be enhanced signi?cantly as compared to the use oftraditional amines. Furthermore, some ofthe gas process ingproblemsthatcannotbedealtWithusingtheconventional technology in an economical manner can be easily handled Withformulatedamines. While it is possible to obtain a cost reduction in CO2 capture using formulated alkanolamines, this route may not 50PDF Image | METHOD OF CAPTURING CARBON DIOXIDE FROM GAS STREAMS
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