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US 2012/0097550A1 Apr.26,2012 METHODS FOR ENHANCING WATER ELECTROLYSIS FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] Thisinventionrelatesgenerallytotheelectrolysisof Water and, in particular, to apparatus and methods that use a combination of acoustic cavitations, molecular vibrational enhancement, and increased magnetic susceptibility to reduce energy dissociation requirements associated With Waterelectrolysis,therebyenhancingtheprocess. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] ExtractinghydrogengasfromWaterisanimportant technologyandmay become increasinglycriticalasanalter native energy source. The normal basic energies required for Water electrolysis are: [0003] Anode(oxidation):2H20(l)QO2(g)+4H+(aq)+ 4e- E0ox:—1.23 V [0004] Cathode (reduction): 2 H+(aq)+2e—QH2(g) E0red:0.00V [0005] AnindividualWatermoleculehasalargeelectric dipole, some magnetic susceptibility, and a potential for increased self ionization, etc. (see FIG. 1) Liquid Water is a uniquely stable substance, oWing the majority of its incred iblepropertiestothecombinationofcovalentandverystrong hydrogenbonding.LiquidWaterhasthesamebasicstructure as solidWater, With more motion. Electric ?eld ?uctuations in liquid Water cause some molecular dissociation. The process takes place in about 150 fs: the bond system of Water begins in a neutral state; random ?uctuations in molecular motions occasionally (about once every 10 hours per Water molecule) produce an electric ?eld strong enough to break an oxygen hydrogen bond, resulting in a hydroxide (OH‘) and hydro nium ion (H3O+); the proton of the hydronium ion travels along Water molecules by the Grotthuss mechanism (The protonicdefect,proton-hopping-mechanism,Whichmigrates through the hydrogen bond netWork through a series of hydrogen and covalent bond cleavage/formation); and a changeinthehydrogenbondnetWorkinthesolventisolates the tWo ions, Which are stabiliZed by solvation. [0006] Unfortunately commercial applications of Water electrolysis are inef?cient and energy-intensive processes. PureWaterisafairlygoodinsulatorandundersimple/normal electrolysis conditions creates litle dissociated products. Currently technologies add a Water-soluble electrolyte; the conductivity of the Water then rises considerably. The elec trolytedisassociatesintocationsandanions;theanionsmove toWards the anode and neutraliZe the buildup of positively charged H+ ions and the cations move toWards the cathode andneutraliZethebuildupofnegativelychargedOH- ions. This alloWs the continued How of electricity. There are numerous problems associated With electrolytes Within the reaction cell (An electrolyte anion With less standard elec trodepotentialthanhydroxideWillbeoxidiZedinsteadofthe hydroxide, and no oxygen gas Will be produced; Where as a cation With a greater standard electrode potential than a hydrogen ion Will be reduced instead and no hydrogen gas Will be produced). In all Water electrolysis cases Where elec trolytesareused,thegaseousproducte?luentsareextremely corrosive and create numerous application problems. [0007] Majorcompetitorsinthe?eldofWaterelectrolysis currentlyareusingbothhighpressureandhightemperature as tools for overall electrolytic enhancement. Ultra-high pressure electrolysis is de?ned as operating in the 5000 10000psirange.Atultra-highpressurestheWatersolubility and cross-permeation across the membrane of H2 and O2 is affects hydrogen purity. Modi?ed proton exchange mem branes (PEMs) are used to reduce cross-permeation in com bination With catalytic HZ/O2 recombiners to maintain H2 levels in 02 and 02 levels in H2 at values compatible With hydrogensafetyrequirements. [0008] TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergybelieves thathigh-pressureelectrolysisWillcontributetotheenabling andacceptanceoftechnologiesWherehydrogenistheenergy carrierbetWeen reneWable energy resources and clean energy consumers. Many companies arealsopursuinghigh-pressure solutionsincludingMitsubishiWithitsHighPressureHydro genEnergyGeneratorproject. [0009] High-temperatureelectrolysisisreportedlymore e?icient economically than traditional room-temperature electrolysis because some of the energy is supplied as heat, Whichischeaperthanelectricity,andbecausetheelectrolysis reaction is more ef?cient at higher temperatures. In fact, at 2500° C., electrical input is unnecessary because Water breaks doWn to hydrogen and oxygen through thermolysis. Suchtemperaturesareimpractical;proposedHTE systems operate betWeen 100° C. and 850° C. [0010] Theef?ciencyimprovementofhigh-temperature electrolysis is best appreciated by assuming the electricity used comes from a heat engine, and then considering the amountofheatenergynecessarytoproduceonekghydrogen (141.86megajoules),bothintheHTE processitselfandalso inproducingtheelectricityused.At 100°C.,350megajoules of thermal energy are required (41% ef?cient). At 850° C., 225 megajoules are required (64% ef?cient). [0011] Givenaloftheseenergydeliverychallenges,itis not surprising that numerous techniques have developed and triedtoenhanceWaterdisassociation.US. patentshavebeen granted on processes that use a magnetic ?eld for ?lm/bubble removalandmoree?icientmixingduringtheelectrolysis process. Other approaches use acoustic energy or heating, including infrared sources. [0012] Published US. Patent Application No. 2007/ 0065765,entitled“EnergyConvertingDevice”disclosessys tems for generating a hydrogen-oxygen mixture or “BroWn gas” With a reaction chamber in Which electrodes are dis posed.Thereactionchamberisofarotationallysymmetrical shape With respect to an axis and at least certain regions of innerboundarysurfacesofthereactionchamberintheregion of a jacket of the reaction chamber are formed by inner electrode surfaces ofthe electrodes ofthe gas generator. An infrared source emits infrared radiation into a region of a reaction chamber to generate BroWn gas in the form of bubbles. In one con?guration, a magnet is oriented so that the magnetic induction in the region of the axis of the reaction chamberisanti-parallelWithrespecttotheangularvelocityor With respect to its direction. The process of forming the BroWngasalsopreferablytakesplaceinconjunctionWiththe additional effect of acoustic energy, Which acts on the Work ing medium in the form ofultrasound emitted by an acoustic source. The sound pressure from the acoustic source as Well as the intensity of the infrared radiation from the infrared source and the magnetic induction 42 ofthe magnet are setby a control system. [0013] Whilethe’765applicationdoesdiscloseacombi nation of magnetism, infrared energy and acoustics, the modalitiesareineffectiveanddonotexploitadvantagestobePDF Image | METHODS FOR ENHANCINGWATER ELECTROLYSIS
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