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US 2012/0097550A1 Apr.26,2012 surface becomes non-spherical; it creates high-speed jets of liquid into the surface, and creates shockWaves at the surface (seeFIG.4). [0030] Sinceenergyisonlysuppliedtomicro-bubblefor mation and the entire Water volume is not energized, the returnonenergyinvested(energyrequirements)isexcellent. At the elevated temperature and pressures, thermolysis of Water can occur, meaning that the Water breaks doWn on its oWn under extreme heat and pressure. The process focuses on acoustic cavitation energies sub-thermolysis conditions, WhereanenergybalancebetWeenacousticenergyinput,elec tricalenergyinputandhydrogenproductionisestablished. [0031] Cavitationresultsinveryhighenergydensitiesof theorderof1to1018kW/m3. PureWaterisagoodinsulator since it has a loW autoioniZation, KW:10><10-14 at room temperature and thus pure Water conducts current poorly, 0.055 uS-cm-l. Unless a very large potential is applied to causeanincreaseintheautoioniZationofWater,theelectroly sisofpureWaterproceedsverysloWlylimitedbytheoverall conductivity. In this case a very large thermal and pressure energy is applied Well above the autoioniZation energies requiredforWaterdissociation,reducingtheinsulatoreffect andincreasingauto-ioniZationandelectrolysispotential. [0032] FortheWatermonomersinthegasphase(insidethe bubble), the loWest dissociation asymptote of the Water mol eculecorrespondstothehomolyticdissociation(formationof free radicals). The free radicals are generated in the process due to the high energy dissociation of vapors trapped in the cavitatingbubbles.Thisresultsinthesigni?cantintensi?ca tion of radical formation and subsequent dissociation in an electric?eld. [0033] Inthecondensed(liquid)phasesurroundingthe bubbles,theenergeticsaresigni?cantlyloWerandtheloWest dissociation asymptote correlates With the heterolytic prod ucts(ionproducts). [0034] BothfreeradicalformationandincreasedioniZation promotes enhanced electrolysis. FIG. 5 is a graph that shoWs the pressure dependence of Water ioniZation at 25 degrees C. FIG. 6 is a graph that shoWs the temperature dependence of WaterioniZationat25 MPa. Ifelectrolysisislookedatfrom ioniZation potential, the pKW:—log 10 KW, Which at SATP:14. The negative log ofthe Water ion content, pKW varies With temperature. As temperature increases, pKW decreases; and as temperature decreases, pKW increases, indicting an increase in the ioniZation of Water as tempera turesrise(fortemperaturesuptoabout2500C.).Thereisalso a small dependence on pressure Where ioniZation increases With increasing pressure. Acoustic cavitation can ef?ciently provide both of these environments (high temperature and high pressures) in a micro-environment Which stabiliZes sec ondary effects, reduces energy input requirements and reducesoverpotentialrequirements. [0035] Electrolysisrequiresmoreextremepotentialsthan What Would be expected based on the cell’s totally reversible reduction potentials, or “over potential.” The most common cause of over potential is the reversible reaction of oxygen and hydrogen to produce Water. This excess potential accounts for various forms of over-potential by Which the extra energy is eventually lost as heat. Acoustic cavitation also signi?cantly reduce or eliminate in some cases the requirements for electrolytes. This is done by signi?cantly increasingauto-ioniZationandradicalformation. [0036] Asanaddedbene?taccordingtotheinvention, acoustic cavitation results in the generation of local turbu lenceandliquidmicro-circulation(acousticstreaming,jets) in the reactor, enhancing the rates of mass/ion/gas transport processes. These jets activate the surface (catalyst) and increase mass transfer from the surface by disruption of the interfacialboundarylayersanddislodgingthealreadydisso ciatedgasesoccupyingtheactivesites. VibrationalEnhancementWithSpeci?cIRExposure [0037] TheWatermoleculeisstrongdueitssimpleand strongcovalentandhydrogenbondingnetWork.Disrupting the “normal” covalent and relatively very strong hydrogen bondingnetWorkthatisresponsibleforalofWatersunique properties is key to reducing dissociation energy require ments. Water shoWs strong absorptions in the IR (FIG. 8). These IR absorption bands of Water are related to molecular vibrations involving various combinations of the Water mol ecule’s three fundamental vibrational modes (FIG. 7): [0038] V1:symmetricstretch [0039] V2:bending [0040] V3:asymmetricstretch [0041] Theabsorptionfeaturecenterednear970nmis attributedtoa2V1+V3 combination,theonenear1200nm to aV1+V2+V3combination,theonenear1450nmtoaV1+V3 combination,andtheonenear1950nm toaV2+V3 combi nation. [0042] ThespectralabsorptionfeaturesofliquidWaterare shifted to longer Wavelengths With respect to the vapor fea tures by approximately 60 nm. The rotations of liquid Water tendtobehinderedbyhydrogenbonds,leadingtolibrations (rockingmotions).StretchingvibrationsareshiftedtoaloWer frequency While the bending frequency increases due to hydrogenbonding. [0043] Bothliquidandvapor(insidetheacoustically induced bubbles) phases of Water exist in the acoustic cavi tation environment. Semi-broad spectral (10’s to 100’s of nanometers) excitation of Waters vibrational frequencies, especially those Which are in response to hydrogen bond induced librations reduces electrical energies required for Waterelectrolysis. EnhancedMagneticSusceptibility [0044] Waterisadiamagneticmaterial.Diamagnetismis the property of an object Which causes itto create a magnetic ?eld in opposition of an externally applied magnetic ?eld, thuscausingarepulsiveeffect.By applyingastrongexternal magnetic ?eld, the orbital velocity of electrons around the Waternucleiarechanged.Thesechangesaffectthemagnetic dipolemoment oftheWatermoleculeinthedirectionoppos ing the external ?eld. In conjunction With vibrational enhancement and cavitation, this opposition to the external magnetic?eldcreatesapartialarti?cialalignmentofthenoW vibrationallyandelectronicallystressedWatermoleculefur therenhancingWaterelectrolysis. [0045] Inelectromagnetismthemagneticsusceptibilityis the degree of magnetiZation of a material in response to an appliedmagnetic?eld.Waterhasarelativemagneticperme abilitythatislessthan1,thusamagneticsusceptibilityWhich is less than 0, and is repelled by magnetic ?elds. HoWever, sincediamagnetismissuchaWeakpropertyitseffectsarenot observableinevery-daylife.PDF Image | METHODS FOR ENHANCINGWATER ELECTROLYSIS
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