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US 8,438,849B2 56 sure vaporizer 121 can function as a superheater for the high pressure vaporized Working ?uid that is provided to high pressure vapor turbine 111. Preheater 125 receives heat depleted heat transfer ?uid or exhaust discharged from high pressure vaporizer 121 and produces further heat-depleted heat transfer ?uid and pre heatedWorking?uid.TheWorking?uidispassedtopreheater 125 for producing preheated Working ?uid prior to passing through high pressure vaporizer 121, and consequently the extraction of heat from the heat transfer oil or exhaust is increasedandhighpressureWorking?uidvaporisproduced. LoW pressure vaporizer 131 receives heat from a further Working ?uid such as, for example, engine jacket coolant and/or heated ?uid from an intercooler of a turbocharger of theengine,WhichisgenerallyataloWertemperaturethanthe exhaustgas.Whileitispossiblethatthetotalheatoutputfrom thisheatsourcemay beclosetoorexceedthatoftheinternal combustion engine exhaust, the heat source for loW pressure vaporizerisconsideredtobealoWergradeheatsourcedueto20 theloWertemperature. RecuperatorOutputDirectedtoHighPressureCircuit FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram shoWing the operation of a system in Which condensate is directly charged to a loW pressurevaporizer.As isthecaseWiththecon?gurationof FIG. 1, the system includes a high pressure side and a loW pressure side. Most of the components are similar to those of the con?guration of FIG. 1. DepictedarehighpressureandloWpressureturbines211, 212, connected via common drivetrain 215 to a single gen erator 217. It is also contemplated that common drivetrain 215 connects the high pressure and loW pressure vapor tur bines211,212tomultiplegenerators.Alsodepictedarehigh pressurevaporizer221,preheater225,loWpressurevaporizer 231,recuperator235,condenser237andpump 241.As isthe caseWiththecon?gurationofFIG.1,highpressurevaporizer 221 receives heat from a heat transfer ?uid such as, for example, a thermal oil, indicated at 251, Which transfers the heat to a Working ?uid vapor, or directly from a heat source, suchasheatfromexhaustgasofaninternalcombustion engine. The Working ?uid vapor is used to drive high pressure vapor and loW pressure vapor turbines 211, 212. Examples of suitableWorking?uidsinclude,Withoutlimitation,Water,an alcohol,ethane,propane,butane,iso-butane,n-pentane,iso pentane,hexane,iso-hexane,andmixturesthereof,asWellas asyntheticalkylatedaromaticheattransfer?uid,forexample, the alkyl substituted aromatic ?uid Therminol LT (the com mercialname oftheSolutiaCompany ofBelgium),amixture ofisomersofanalkylatedaromatic?uid(DoWthermJ,reg isteredtrademark ofThe DoW Chemical Company, USA) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,960,839, the disclosure ofWhich is incorporated by reference. In addition, also one highly branched, heavy iso-para?in hydrocarbon, or a mixture of tWo ormore ofsuchhydrocarbonspresentasthemajorcom ponent (i.e.,atleast50% by volume) intheWorking ?uidare includedasanon-limitingexample oftheWorking ?uid.An exemplary class of such an iso-paraf?n includes 8 to 20, alternatively9to20,carbonatom-containinghydrocarbons havingatleastonemethylradical(CH3)arrangedtoachieve a highly stable compound. Furthermore; the branched iso paraf?nsarehighlybranched,meaningthattheyhave3-20 methylgroupsattachedtotertiaryorquaternarycarbonatoms as described in Us. Pat. No. 7,225,621, the disclosure of Whichisincorporatedbyreference.Inafurtheraspect,thelast mentionedexampleofWorking?uidcomprisesaniso-paraf ?n selected from the group consisting of iso-dodecane or 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane, iso-eicosane or 2,2,4,4,6,6,8, l0,l0-nonamethylundecane, iso-hexadecane or 2,2,4,4,6,8, 8-heptamethylnonane,iso-nonaneor2,2,4,4tetramethylpen tane,oralternativelyiso-octaneor2,2,4trimethylpentaneand a mixture of tWo or more of these compounds. TheWorking?uidvaporisathighpressureandisfedfrom high pressure vaporizer 221 and used to drive high pressure turbine 211. The heat transfer ?uid or exhaust gas discharged fromhighpressurevaporizer221isoptionallypassedthrough preheater 225. When preheater 225 isemployed, high pres sure vaporizer 221 can function as a superheater to superheat thehighpressureWorking?uidvaporthatisprovidedtohigh pressure vapor turbine 211. Preheater 225 receives heat depleted heat transfer ?uid or exhaust discharged from high pressure vaporizer 221 and produces further heat-depleted heat transfer ?uid and pre heated Working ?uid. Examples of suitable heat transfer ?u idsinclude,Withoutlimitation,thermaloil,syntheticheat transfer ?uid, or mixtures thereof. The Working ?uid is optionallypassedtopreheater225priortopassingthrough Turbine 112 is a loW pressure vapor turbine. The system usesacommon Working?uidforhighpressurevaporandloW pressurevaporturbines111and112,Whichpermitsmixingof ?uidsusedtodrivetheturbines111and112.LoWpressure vapor turbine 112 receives its loW pressure Working ?uid vaporfromthedischargeofhighpressurevaporturbine112 andtheoutputfromloWpressurevaporizer131.Thispermits loW pressure vapor turbine 112 to be optimized to ef?ciently extractpoWerfromtheout?oWfromhighpressurevaporizer 121, While taking into consideration that the energy from its dischargecanbeextractedbyloWpressurevaporturbine112, making itin effect a tWo stage turbine but With the additional boost obtained from the out?oW of loW pressure vaporizer 131. 25 30 35 LoW pressure vapor turbine 112 provides expanded Work ing?uidtorecuperator135.Arecuperatorisaspecialpurpose counter-?oW heat exchanger used to recover Waste heat from exhaust vapors. The out?oW of loW pressure vapor turbine 112isdirectedtorecuperator135WheretheWorking?uid 40 passes a heat extraction circuit, thereby forming heat-de pletedexpandedWorking?uidvapor.Theheat-depleted expanded Working ?uid vapor is fed to condenser 137 to produce condensate. In the hot pass side, heat is extracted fromtheexpandedWorking?uidvaporandtransferredtoa 45 cold pass side (internal to recuperator 135; not separately depicted). The condensate from condenser 137 isfed topump 141,andisthensuppliedtorecuperator135,WheretheWork ing?uidcondensatepassesthecoldpasssideandreceivesthe heatWhichhadbeenextractedfromtheexpandedWorking ?uid vapor in the hot pass side thereby producing heated condensate. Recuperator 135 is used to extract heat from the out?oW of loW pressure vapor turbine 112, prior to condens ing in condenser 137 and then discharges the heat back into the?uidsuppliedbypump 141. A ?rstportionoftheheatedcondensateisfedtoloWpres surevaporizer131andasecondportionisfedtohighpressure vaporizer 121 possibly using a booster pump. This results in thereturnoftheWorking?uidbacktohighpressurevaporizer 121 and high pressure turbine 111. While FIG. 1 depicts the loW pressure Working ?uid vapor from high pressure vapor turbine 111 being combined With loWpressureWorking?uidvaporfromloWpressurevaporizer 131priortobeingfedtoloWpressurevaporturbine112,itis alsocontemplatedthattheloWpressureWorking?uidvapor from each source is combined at the inlet of loW pressure vapor turbine 112. 50 55 60 65PDF Image | MULTI-LEVEL ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE POWER SYSTEM
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