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Preheater 325 receives heat depleted heat transfer ?uid or exhaust discharged from high pressure vaporizer 321 and produces further heat-depleted heat transfer ?uid and pre heatedWorking?uid.TheWorking?uidispassedtopreheater 325 prior to passing through high pressure vaporizer 321, Which increases the extraction of heat from the heat transfer ?uid or exhaust and forms the high pressure Working ?uid vapor. Inthiscon?guration,theexpandedhighpressureWorking ?uid vapor from high pressure vapor turbine 311 is provided directly to the common condenser 335 Without the use of a recuperator. Turbine 312 is a loW pressure turbine and receives loW pressure Working ?uid vapor from loW pressure vaporizer 331.LoW pressurevaporturbine312producesexpandedloW pressureWorking ?uidvaporthatisfeddirectlytocommon condenser 335. LoW pressure vaporizer 331 receives heat from a loWer temperature heat source such as from engine jacket coolant and/or heated ?uid from an intercooler of a turbo-chargeroftheengineandproducesloWpressureWork 20 ing?uidvaporthatisfedtoloWpressurevaporturbine312.In this example, loW pressure vaporizer 331 includes a pre heater,depictedasintegralWithvaporizer331. As isthecaseWiththecon?gurationofFIGS. 1and2,the systemusesacommonWorking?uidforhighpressurevapor 25 and loW pressure vapor turbines 311 and 312, Which permits mixing of ?uids used to drive the turbines 311 and 312. In this con?guration, loW pressure vapor turbine 312 receives the loW pressure Working ?uid vapor from the output of loW pressurevaporizer331,butdoesnotreceivethedischarge30 from high pressure vapor turbine 311, Which instead goes directly to the condenser 335. This permits loW pressure vaporturbine312tobeoptimizedtoef?cientlyextractpoWer from the out?oW from loW pressure vaporizer 331 and to receivetheloWpressureWorking?uidvaporindependentof35 thedischargeofhighpressurevaporturbine311. Condenser335receivestheexpandedhighpressureWork ing?uidvaporandtheexpandedloWpressureWorking?uid vaporandproducescondensate.Thecondensateisdirectedto pump341.A?rstportionofthecondensateispumpedtoloW 40 pressurevaporizer331.A secondportionofthecondensateis pumpedtoasecondboosterpump, 342.The secondportionof condensateisthenfedtohighpressurevaporizer321,option allyviapreheater325.Pump 342providestheWorking?uid topreheater325atanincreasedpressureabovethatprovided 45 toloWpressurevaporizer331.TheuseoftWopumps 341,342 permits a desired balance to be achieved betWeen the high pressure side 301 and loW pressure side 302. Similar results can be achieved With one pump 341 by providingarestrictororthrottlevalveintheconnection50 betWeenpump 342andloWpressurevaporizer331.Ifthe?oW of?uidtoloWpressurevaporizer331isadequatelyrestricted, then pump 342 can be eliminated. As isthecaseWiththecon?gurationofFIGS. 1and2,inthe con?gurationofFIG.3,thevaporizerutilizingthehigher55 temperatureheatsourcecanalsoprovideasuperheatingfunc tion, to superheat the Working ?uid present in the vaporizer When the preheater ispresent. The use of tWo heat sources having different temperatures istherebyachievedinamoree?icientmanner.Theheatfrom 60 the tWo sources is input into tWo different vaporizers to drive a tWo pressure level organic Rankine cycle turbine system connected to the single electric generator 317 or to multiple generators. 10 separate. As is the case With the con?guration of FIGS. 1-3, the system includes a high pressure side 401 and a loW pres sure side 402. DepictedarehighpressureandloWpressureturbines411, 412, connected via common drivetrain 415 to a single gen erator 417. It is also contemplated that common drivetrain 415 connects the high pressure and loW pressure vapor tur bines411,412tomultiplegenerators.Alsodepictedarehigh pressure vaporizer 421, preheater 425 and a loW pressure vaporizer431.Thesystemusesseparatecondensers432,434, a single recuperator 435 and tWo pumps 447, 449. As is the case With the con?guration of FIGS. 1 and 2, high pressure vaporizer 421 receives heat from a heat transfer ?uid such as, for example, a thermal oil, Which transfers the heat to a Working ?uid vapor, or directly from a heat source, such as heat from exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine. The Working ?uid vapor is used to drive high pressure vapor turbine 411. Examples of suitable Working ?uids include,Withoutlimitation,Water,analcohol,ethane,pro pane,butane,iso-butane,n-pentane,iso-pentane,hexane,iso hexane, and mixtures thereof, as Well as a synthetic alkylated aromaticheattransfer?uid,forexample,thealkylsubstituted aromatic ?uid Therminol LT (the commercial name of the SolutiaCompanyofBelgium),amixtureofisomersofan alkylatedaromatic?uid(DoWthermI,registeredtrademark ofThe DoW Chemical Company, USA) asdescribedinUS. Pat.No.6,960,839,thedisclosureofWhichisincorporatedby reference. In addition, also one highly branched, heavy iso paraf?nhydrocarbon,oramixtureoftWoormoreofsuch hydrocarbons present as the major component (i.e., at least 50% by volume) intheWorking ?uidareincludedasanon limitingexampleoftheWorking?uid.An exemplaryclassof such an iso-para?in includes 8 to 20, alternatively 9 to 20, carbonatom-containinghydrocarbonshavingatleastone methyl radical (CH3) arranged to achieve a highly stable compound. Furthermore, the branched iso-para?ins are highlybranched,meaningthattheyhave3-20methylgroups attached to tertiary or quaternary carbon atoms as described inUS.Pat.No.7,225,621,thedisclosureofWhichisincor porated by reference. In a further aspect, the last mentioned exampleofWorking?uidcomprisesaniso-para?inselected from the group consisting of iso-dodecane or 2,2,4,6,6-pen tamethylheptane,iso-eicosaneor2,2,4,4,6,6,8,10,10-nonam ethylundecane,iso-hexadecaneor2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptameth ylnonane, iso-nonane or 2,2,4,4 tetramethylpentane, or alternativelyiso-octaneor2,2,4trimethylpentaneandamix tureoftWo ormore ofthesecompounds. Non-limiting examples of the Working ?uid of the loW pressureturbinecycleareWater,alcohol,ethane,propane, butane,iso-butane,n-pentane,iso-pentane,hexane,iso-hex ane and mixtures thereof. The high pressure Working ?uid vapor is fed from high pressure vaporizer 421 and used to drive high pressure vapor turbine411.Theheattransfer?uidorexhaustgasdischarged fromhighpressurevaporizer421isoptionallypassedthrough preheater 425. When preheater 425 is used, high pressure vaporizer 421 functions as a superheater for the high pressure vaporized Working ?uid that is provided to high pressure vaporturbine411. Preheater 425 receives heat depleted heat transfer ?uid or exhaust discharged from high pressure vaporizer 421 and produces further heat-depleted heat transfer ?uid and pre heated Working ?uid. Examples of suitable heat transfer ?u ids include, Without limitation, thermal oil, synthetic heat transfer?uid,ormixturesthereof.TheWorking?uidispassed topreheater425priortopassingthroughhighpressurevapor Separate High Pressure and LoW Pressure Circuits FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram shoWing the operation of a systeminWhich?uidcircuitsassociatedWithtWoturbinesare 65 US 8,438,849B2PDF Image | MULTI-LEVEL ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE POWER SYSTEM
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