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US 2012/0299311A1 Nov.29,2012 grid. Therefore, power in excess of load 16 cannot be exportedtoanin?nitegrid,andpoWersystem10mustbeable to folloW changes in load 16. [0014] ORCsystem12includescondenser18,reservoir20, pump22,recuperator24,electricheater26,evaporator28, [0019] TheamountofpoWergeneratedbyORCsystem12 turbine 30 and generator 32. Organic Working ?uid 34 circu latesthroughaclosedloopinORC system12andisusedto generate electric poWer. Receiver or reservoir 20 stores liquid Working ?uid 34a from condenser 18 upstream ofpump 22. Receiver20providesstabilitytoORC system12byproviding asourceofliquidWorking?uid34aupstreamofpump 22and preventing vapor from entering pump 22. Although receiver 20 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as a separate structure, receiver 20 can be integrated With condenser 18. For example, condenser 18 can be a Water-cooled condenser, Which performs the functions of a condenser and a receiver. [0015] LiquidWorking?uid34aisfedfromreceiver20to pump 22.Pump 22increasesthepressureofliquidWorking ?uid 34a. High pressure liquid ?uid 3411 then ?oWs through recuperator 24 and electric heater 26 to evaporator 28. Recu perator24andheater26heatWorking?uid3411priortoliquid Working?uid34aenteringevaporator28.Evaporator28uti liZes heat source 36 to vaporiZe Working ?uid 34. In one example, heat source 36 can include hot oil heated With a biomass (i.e. tree) fueled burner. [0016] Working?uid34exitsevaporator28asavapor (34b), and passes into turbine 30. VaporiZed Working ?uid 34bisusedtodriveturbine30,WhichinturnpoWersgenerator 32 such that generator 32 produces electrical poWer. High pressure vaporiZed Working ?uid 34b expands in turbine 30 and exits as a loW temperature, loW pressure vapor. After exitingturbine30,Working?uid34biscooledbyrecuperator 24. Finally, Working ?uid 34b returns to condenser 18 Where it is condensed back to liquid 32a and the cycle is repeated. Heat sink 38 provides cooling to condenser 18. Although condenser 18 is shoWn generally as a heat exchanger, con denser 18 may be any condenser suitable for cooling and condensing Working ?uid vapor 34b back to Working ?uid liquid 34a. In one example, condenser 18 is an air-cooled condenserWhichusesairtocoolandcondensevaporWorking ?uid34btoliquidphase3411.Inanotherexample,condenser 18 is a Water-cooled condenser Which uses Water to cool and condense vapor 34b to liquid 34a. [0017] Asdiscussedabove,recuperator24heatsWorking ?uid34beforeitentersevaporator28andcoolsWorking?uid 34 before it enters condenser 18. Recuperator 24 is a coun ter?oW heat exchanger that uses Waste heat recovered from thehottervaporWorking?uid34btoheatthecoolerliquid Working ?uid 34a. Recuperator 24 conserves energy by recoveringheatfromWorking?uid34bthatotherWiseWould belost.Undersomeoperatingconditions,recuperator24may notbepresentinORC system12.Recuperator24isgenerally presentWhen Working ?uid 34b exitsturbine30 atatempera ture much hotter then ambient temperature such that the superheated Working ?uid 34b must be cooled before enter ingcondenser18. [0018] Electricheater26alsoheatsWorking?uid34aprior to Working ?uid 34a entering evaporator 28. As discussed further beloW, inverter system 14 diverts excess poWer to heater 26 so that a constant voltage is maintained regardless of increases or decreases in load 16. Heater 26 should be siZed to receive the maximum poWer produced by turbine 30 and generator 32 so that the entire amount of poWer can be diverted to heater 26 ifnecessary, such as When the local grid cannotbequicklychanged.Forexample,asdescribedabove, heat source 36 to evaporator 28 can include hot oil that is heated by a burner and ?oWs through evaporator 28 to vapor iZeWorking?uid34.Controllingthe?oW ofhotoilcontrols thetemperaturechangeofWorking?uid34inevaporator28 and thus the amount of poWer generated. To decrease the temperature of Working ?uid 34 (and reduce the poWer gen eratedbyORC system12),the?oWofhotoiltoevaporator28 isreduced.Thereduced?oW ofhotoilcausestheoilonthe burnertoincreaseintemperature.Inresponse,thebum rateof the burner is decreased to reduce the temperature of the oil. HoWever,thedecreased?oWrateofoildoesnotinstanta neouslychangethegenerationofpoWer.Ultimately,evapo rator 28 and Working ?uid 34 must change temperature in order to reduce the amount of poWer generated. Thus, the actualtimerequiredtochangethepoWergenerationofsystem 12isnotthetimeittakestoreducethe?oW ofhotoilto evaporator28butinsteadisthetimeittakestocoolevaporator 28 and Working ?uid 34. This time is on the magnitude of minutesbecauseofthelargethermalmassofWorking?uid34 andthethermalcapacitanceofevaporator28. [0020] AfterpoWerisgeneratedbyORCsystem12,it?oWs through inverter system 14 to load 16. Inverter system 14 includes AC/DC recti?er 40, direct current (DC) bus 42, DC/AC inverter44,capacitor46,battery48andvoltageregu lator50.Inuse,electricpoWer?oWs fromAC/DC recti?er40 throughDC bus42andAC/DC inverter44toload16.AC/DC recti?er 40 receives alternating current (AC) from generator 32 and converts itto direct current (DC). The DC current ?oWsfromAC/DCrecti?er40throughDC bus42toDC/AC inverter44,WhichreceivestheDC currentfromDC bus42 andconvertsittoAC currentsothatAC currentisprovidedto load16.DCbus42mustbemaintainedatanear-constant voltagebyhavingequalamountsofpoWer?oWinginandout. [0021] Capacitor46andbattery48areconnectedtoDCbus 42.Capacitor46providesstabilityforDC bus42sothatthe poWerintoandoutofDC bus42doesnothavetobematched every fraction of a second. Capacitor 46 provides betWeen about several milliseconds and one second for the system to respondtoachangeinload16.Capacitor46doesnotprovide the minutes of time required to adjust the amount of poWer generatedbyORC system12. [0022] Battery48canbeusedduringstartupofORC system 12. Battery 48 can be a rechargeable battery that is charged by poWer from DC bus 42 When excess poWer is available.Althoughbattery48isillustratedasasinglebattery, battery 48 can include a plurality of batteries. [0023] Voltageregulator50islocatedbetWeenAC/DCrec ti?er40andDC bus42.Aspreviouslydiscussed,thepoWer intoandoutofDC bus42mustbematchedtomaintainthe voltageonDC bus42.Voltageregulator50divertsexcess electricpoWer?oWingintoDC bus42backtoORC system12 sothattheelectricpoWer?oWingintoDC bus42matchesthe electricpoWer?oWingoutofDC bus42.Speci?cally,voltage regulator 50 sends the excess electric poWer to heater 26, Which uses the poWer to heat Working ?uid 3411 before Work ing ?uid 34a enters evaporator 28. By heating the Working ?uidpriortoevaporator28,theheatingrateoftheevaporator may be reduced equally. Thus, the ef?ciency of the ORC trips. In one example, heat from heater 26 is equal to or less thanapproximately 10% ofthetotalheattransferredtoWork ing?uid3411byevaporator28.Therefore,heater26doesnot signi?cantlydisruptsystem12.PDF Image | ORC Cycle Load
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