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US 2012/0299311A1 Nov.29,2012 system, Which is de?ned as the power output divided by the externalheatinput,isimproved. [0024] Voltageregulator50controlstheHowofpoWerto heater26inordertomaintainthevoltageonDC bus42.Inone example,voltageregulator50controlstheHow ofpoWerto heater 26 by electronically pulsing electric heater 26 on and offbasedonasensedparameter.A dutycycleistheportionof time during Which a device is operated or in an “active” state duringagivenperiod.Forexample,supposeadeviceoperates for 0.1 seconds, is shut off for 0.9 seconds, operates for 0.1 seconds again, and so on. The device operates for one tenth of every second, or 1/10ofthe one second period, and ithas a duty cycle of 1/1o, or 10 percent. Voltage regulator 50 can change thedutycycleofheater26bychangingthedurationheater26 isactive(orpulsedon)duringaperiod.Bychangingtheduty cycleofheater26,voltageregulator50changestheamountof poWersenttoheater26andDC bus42.Forexample,by increasing the amount oftime heater 26 ispulsed on during a period(alsoreferredtoas?ringabiggerduty),voltageregu lator 50 increases the amount of poWer sent to heater 26 duringtheperiodanddecreasestheHow ofpoWerintoDC bus 42. Similarly, by decreasing the amount of time heater 26 is pulsed on during a period (also referred to as ?ring a smaller duty), voltage regulator 50 decreases the amount of poWer sent to heater 26 during the period and increases the How of poWerintoDC bus42. [0025] Invertersystem14usesasensedparametersentto voltageregulator50tomaintainaconstantvoltageonDC 42 ortomaintainthevoltageofDC bus42Withinaspeci?ed range.Voltageregulator50respondstosensedparameterand balancestheHow ofpoWerintoandoutofDC bus42Within about several milliseconds to one second to maintain the voltageonDC bus42.Inoneexample,voltageregulator50 monitorsvoltageVBofDC bus42sothatthevoltageofDC bus 42 ismaintained Within a speci?ed range. For example, if voltageVB ofDC bus42increasesaboveamaximumvoltage value(i.e.load16decreases),voltageregulator50Will?rea bigger duty so that heater 26 is pulsed on for a longer time. ThissendsmorepoWertoheater26andlesstoDC bus42. Similarly, ifvoltage VB of DC bus 42 decreases beloW a minimumvoltagevalue(i.e.load16increases),voltageregu lator50 Will ?re a loWer duty so thatheater 26 ispulsed on for a shorter time. This sends less poWer heater 26 and more poWertoDC bus42. etersuitablefordeterminingthechangeinvoltageofDC bus 42 can be a sensed parameter and sent to voltage regulator 50. [0028] Voltageregulator50canincludeasWitchanda controller. The sWitch of voltage regulator 50 controls the How ofpoWertoelectricheater26.Inoneexample,thesWitch isagatetum-offthyristor(GTO).A GTO isahigh-poWer semiconductor device. GTOs, as opposed to normal thyris tors, are fully controllable sWitches Which can be turned on andoffbytheirthirdlead,theGATE lead.When currentis removedfromaGTO, theGTO turnsoff.Thecontrollerof voltage regulator 50 can include a processor for determining theamount ofpoWer todiverttoelectricheater26 basedupon the sensed parameter. The controller can also control the sWitch so that the determined amount of poWer is diverted to heater26. [0029] Voltageregulator50alloWspoWergenerationsys tem 10 to quickly react to negative and positive changes in load 16. For example, When load 16 decreases, voltage regu lator 50 diverts the excess poWer to heater 26 and maintains thevoltageonDC bus42Withinmillisecondsorseconds. Voltage regulator 50 can continue diverting the excess poWer to heater 26 as long as necessary or voltage regulator 50 can enterasteady-statemode sothatexcessheatisnotWastedand system10canaccommodateapositivestepchangeinload16. [0030] Ifload16increases,voltageregulator50Willdivert less poWer to heater 26 so that more poWer goes to load 16. In orderforvoltageregulator50torespondtoapositivestepin load 16, the step cannot be greater than the amount of poWer beingdivertedtoheater26immediatelypriortothepositive step.Toaccommodatepositivestepchangesinload16,volt age regulator 50 can be con?gured to divert a buffer amount ofpoWertoelectricheater26.Thebufferamountisaspeci?ed amountofpoWerproducedbyORC system12abovethe poWer required by load 16 and system 10. The buffer amount alloWs poWer generation system 10 to react to a positive step change. The siZe of the buffer amount can be varied depend ing on the site and the expected maximum positive step increase.Followingapositivestepchangeinload16,voltage regulator50caneithermaintaintheneW equalizedsystemor entersteady-statemode sothatthespeci?edbufferamountis again produced in anticipation of another positive step change. [0031] Thetypeofgenerator32usedinORC system12 affects the type of recti?er 40 used in inverter system 14. In one example, generator 32 is an induction generator. An induction generator does not control frequency. Instead an [0026] Inanotherexample,thesensedparameterinputted to voltage regulator 50 is load poWer PL, Which is the poWer exitinginvertersystem14.Inthisexample,voltageregulator inductiongeneratorfolloWsthefrequencythatitsees.Inthis 50 can pulse heater 26 on and off inversely proportional to changes in load poWer PL to maintain a constant voltage on DC bus42.Forexample,ifloadpoWerPLincreases(i.e.load 16 increases), voltage regulator 50 Will ?re a loWer duty so that heater 26 is on for a shorter time and more poWer is sent toDC bus42.Similarly,ifloadpoWerPLdecreases,(i.e.load 16 decreases), voltage regulator 50 Will ?re a bigger duty so that heater 26 is pulsed on for a longer time and less poWer is senttoDC bus42. [0027] Inafurtherexample,thesensedparameterinputted to voltage regulator 50 includes load poWer PL and input powerP,,WhichisthepoWerenteringDC bus42.Inthis example,voltageregulator50cancompareloadpoWerPLand input poWer PIto determine the amount of poWer to divert to heater 26. In a further example, voltage regulator 50 deter mines the amount of poWer diverted to heater 26 based on trendsinthesensedparameter.Additionally,anyotherparam case, recti?er 40 must be a full bi-directional inverter, Which controls and forces a frequency on induction generator 32. [0032] Inanotherexample,generator32isasynchronous generator. In a synchronous generator, the frequency pro duced by the generator is fed back to itso that a synchronous generator generates itsoWn frequency. When generator 32 is a synchronous generator, recti?er 40 is a recti?er. [0033] Inafurtherexample,generator32isapermanent magnet generator. Similar to a synchronous generator, a per manentmagnetgeneratoralsogeneratesitsoWnfrequency. Thespinningspeedofthepermanentmagnetgeneratordeter minesboththefrequencyandthevoltageoutofthegenerator. When permanent magnet generator 32 is used With simple recti?er40,thefrequencyisheldWithinabandde?nedbythe generatorpoWerandtheDC bus42voltage.Iftighterfre quency control is desired for generator 32 or turbine 30, then anactivebreakinvertermay beusedforrecti?er40.PDF Image | ORC Cycle Load
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