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US 2012/0299311A1 Nov.29,2012 heat pump 54 Which increases the heat impute to evaporator 28.Insteady-statemode, aspeci?edexcessamount ofpoWer is generated (also knoWn as a buffer amount) Which alloWs system 52 to respond to future positive step changes in load 16. Diverting poWer from electric heater 26 to load 16 With voltage regulator 50 provides a quick response to a positive step increase in load 16, and balances the poWer into and out ofDC bus42Withinthemillisecondstoonesecondallotted timeframe. In contrast, ittakes minutes to adjust the amount ofpoWergeneratedbyORC system12becauseofthelarge thermal mass of Working ?uid 34, and the poWer into and out ofDC bus42cannotbebalancedWithintheallottedtime frame.DivertingpoWerfromelectricheater26toload16With voltage regulator 50 alloWs poWer system 52 to respond to a positiveloadchange. [0042] FIG.6shoWsORCpoWergenerationsystem52 immediately folloWing a negative step in load 16 to 0 kW. Prior to the negative step change, system 52 Was operating undertheconditionspresentedinFIG.3andload16Was 100 kW.A negativestepchangeto0kW canoccur,forexample, Whenthelocalgridtrips.InstantlyfolloWingthenegativestep change,thepoWerintoDC bus42is100kW greaterthanthe poWer out of DC bus 42. This unmatched ?oW of poWer causesthevoltageofDC bus42toincrease.Voltageregulator 50 responds to the increased voltage by sending more poWer toheater26.ORC poWergenerationsystem52continuesto generate the same amount of poWer as before the negative step change, With the excess poWer being diverted to heater 26.As ilustrated,immediatelyfollowingthenegativestep, heatpump54continuestoreceive10kW sothatturbine30 and generator 32 continue to produce 130 kW. Voltage regu lator50divertstheexcesspoWer?oWingintoDC bus42to heater26sothattheremaining120kW noW?oWtoheater26. Voltageregulator50alloWsORC poWergenerationsystem52 to react to a momentary decrease in load Without losing the e?iciencyachievedduringoperation.Afterbuildingthepres sureandtemperatureinORC system52,itisnotdesirableto unnecessarilyshutdoWn orreducetheamountofpoWergen eratedbyORC system12.Stoppingorreducingtheamount poWergeneratedbyORC system12Wastestheenergycon sumedtoreachthecurrenttemperatureandpressureofORC system12.Further,Whentheloadagainincreasesorthegrid isrestored, extra time Will be consumed to again increase the temperatureandpressureofORC system12becauseofthe thermal mass ofWorking ?uid 34 and capacitance ofthe heat exchangers 18, 24 and 28. HoWever, ifthe temperature and pressureofORC system12ismaintainedfolloWinganega tivestepchange,ORC system12isreadytoprovidepoWer immediatelyuponreconnectiontothelocalgrid. to heater 26. In system 52, the minimum amount is 50 kW. Thisminimum amountofpoWerrepresentsthelargestalloW able step increase in load When the grid comes back on-line. Overall,ORC system12produces55kW;5kW gotoheat pump 54 and the remaining 50 kW go to heater 26. By maintaining system 52 in stand-by mode, system 52 can more quicklyrespondtoapositivestepchangeoncere-connected to the grid. For example, by keeping Working ?uid 34 at a minimum temperature, system 52 can accommodate a step change equal up to the minimum amount upon reconnection to the grid. The stand-by mode prevents lag time betWeen reconnection to the grid and poWer generation by system 52. The siZe of the minimum amount of poWer can be varied dependingonthesite.Inbothstand-bymode andsteady-state mode, excess poWer is generated and diverted to heater 26. The amount ofexcesspoWer generatedforsteady-statemode and stand-by mode can be the same or can be different depending on the expected load changes under the speci?c circumstances. [0044] Whenload16isgreaterthan0kWandsystem52is insteady-statemode,ORC system12continuouslygenerates and voltage regulator 50 diverts a buffer amount of extra poWerinexcessofthepoWerrequirementsofload16andheat pump 54. This buffer amount alloWs system 52 and voltage regulator 50 to quickly respond to positive step changes in load16andmaintainaconstantvoltageonDC bus42.Inuse, voltage regulator 50 diverts the excess poWer back to heater 26. Heater 26 uses the poWer to preheat Working ?uid 34a. Pre-heatingWorking?uid34reducestherequiredheatinput to evaporator 28. Therefore, the excess poWer generated for the buffer amount is not a complete ine?iciency. Further, in one example the heat from heater 26 is at most equal to approximately 10% ofthetotalheatprovidedby evaporator 28 so that heater 26 does not signi?cantly perturb or disrupt ORC system12.ThesiZeofthebufferamountdivertedby voltageregulator50Willdependonthemaximum stepload increase expected for a site. [0045] Whenload16is0kWandsystem52isinstand-by mode,ORC system12generatesandvoltageregulator50 divertsaminimum amountofpoWerinexcessofthepoWer requirements of load 16 and heat pump 54 so that ORC system12isnotstopped.Thisminimum amountisthemaxi mum stepchangealloWedWhenthesystemre-connectstothe local grid or load 16 is increased from 0 kW. The diversion of theminimum amounttoheater26preventsadelayinpoWer generationbyORC system12oncetheconnectiontothegrid isre-established.Similartothebuffer,theexcesspoWergen erated in the stand-by mode is diverted by voltage regulator 50 to heater 26 to pre-heat Working ?uid 34a. Pre-heating Working ?uid 34a reduces the input heat necessary to evapo rator 28 While maintaining Working ?uid 3411 at a minimum temperature. Additionally, heater 26 does not signi?cantly disruptORC system12becausetheheatfromheater26isat mostequaltoabout10% ofthetotalheatprovidedbyevapo rator 28. The speci?ed value for the minimum amount of poWer diverted to heater 26 in stand-by mode Will depend on the maximum step change experienced When re-connecting to the grid and Will vary depending on the site. [0043] ThesystemofFIG.6canbeusedimmediatelyfol loWinganegativestepchangeorifthenegativestepchangeis forashorttimeperiod.IfORC system12isdisconnected from the local grid for a signi?cant period of time, ORC system52 canenterstand-bymode andWaitforre-connection to the local grid. FIG. 7 shoWs system 52 in stand-by mode folloWing the negative step change described in FIG. 6. In stand-by mode, voltage regulator 50 decreases the poWer produced by turbine 30 and generator 32 by reducing the poWertoheatpump54.WithlesspoWer,heatpump54pumps lessheattoevaporator28,thusdecreasingthetemperatureof system12cannotbequicklychangedsoastobeload-folloW Working?uid34.BecauselesspoWerisgeneratedbyturbine 30 andgenerator32,thereislessexcessheat?oWing intoDC bus 42 and less poWer must be diverted to heater 26. In stand-bymode,aspeci?edminimumamountofpoWerissent ing because ofthe large thermal mass ofWorking ?uid 34 and heatexchangers18,24and28.InstandalonesystemsorORC systemsconnectedtoalocalorislandgrid,thepoWerintoand outoftheDC busmustbeequaliZedWithinaboutmillisec [0046] Asdescribedabove,thegenerationofpoWerinORCPDF Image | ORC Cycle Load
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