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US 2014/0109576A1 Apr.24,2014 APPARATUSANDPROCESSFOR GENERATION OF ENERGY BY ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE TECHNICALFIELD [0001] Thepresentinventionrelatestoanapparatusand processforenergygenerationbyorganicRankinecycle. [0002] ApparatusesbasedonathermodynamicRankine cycle (ORCiOrganic Rankine Cycle) are known which carry out conversion of thermal energy into mechanical and/ or electric energy in a simple and reliable manner. In these apparatus working ?uids of the organic type (of high or mediummolecularweight)arepreferablyusedinplaceofthe traditional water/vapour system, because an organic ?uid is able to convert heat sources at relatively low temperatures, generally between 100° C. and 300° C., but also at higher temperatures,inamoree?icientmanner.TheORCconver sion systems therefore have recently found increasingly widerapplicationsindifferentsectors,suchasinthegeother mic ?eld, in the industrial energy recovery, in apparatus for energy generation from biomasses and concentrated solar power (CSP), in regasi?ers, etc. BACKGROUND ART [0003] Anapparatusofknowntypeforconversionofther mal energy by an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) generally comprises: at least one heat exchanger exchanging heat between a high-temperature source and a working ?uid, so as toheat,evaporate(andpossiblysuperheat)theworking?uid; at least one turbine fed by the vaporised working ?uid out ?owing from the heat exchanger so as to carry out conversion of the thermal energy present in the working ?uid into mechanical energy according to a Rankine cycle; at least one generator operatively connected to the turbine, in which the mechanicalenergyproducedbytheturbineisconvertedinto electric energy; at least one condenser where the working ?uid coming out of the turbine is condensed and sent to at leastonepump; fromthepump theworking?uidisfedtothe heatexchanger. [0007] DocumentEP2080876showsaturbomachine,in particularamulti-stageturbocompressorcomprisingtwotur bines,oneofwhichisaradial-in?owturbine,andtwocom pressors. [0008] DocumentUS.Pat.No.1,488,582illustratesatur bine provided with one high-pressure portion and one low pressureportioninwhichthe?uid?ow isgraduallydeviated from an axial direction to a radial direction. [0009] Document US 2010/0122534 shows a closed or endless circuit system for energy recovery comprising a radial-in?ow turbine. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION [0010] Withinthisscope,theApplicanthasfelttheneces sityto: [0011] increasethee?iciencyoftheenergyconversion takingplaceinsidesaidturbines,relativetotheturbines presentlyinuseinORC apparatus; [0012] reducethestructuralcomplexityandincrease reliabilityoftheturbines,relativetotheturbinespres entlyinuseinORC apparatus. [0013] Moreparticularly,theApplicanthasfelttheneces sity to reduce losses due to leakage and ventilation of the working ?uid as well as thermal losses, in order to improve theoveralle?iciencyoftheturbineandtheenergyconversion processintheturbineand,moregenerally,intheORCappa ratus. [0014] TheApplicanthasfoundthattheabovelistedaims canbeachievedusingradialcentrifugalorout?owexpansion turbines within the sector of apparatus and processes for energygenerationthroughorganicRankinecycle(ORC). [0015] Moreparticularly,theinventionrelatestoanappa ratusforenergygenerationthroughanorganicRankinecycle comprising: an organic working ?uid of high molecular weight;atleastoneheatexchangertoexchangeheatbetween a high temperature source and the working ?uid, so as to heat and evaporate said working ?uid; at least one expansion tur binefedwiththevaporisedworking?uidout?owingfromthe heatexchanger,tocarryoutconversionofthethermalenergy presentintheworking?uidintomechanicalenergyaccording [0004] Turbinesofknowntypeforhigh-molecular-weight toaRankinecycle;atleastonecondenserwheretheworking gasandvapourexpansionareforexampledescribedinpublic documentsUS.Pat.No.4,458,493andWO 2010/106570. The turbinedisclosedinpatentNo. US. Pat.No. 4,458,493 is of the multistage type where a ?rst axial stage is followed by a radial centripetal stage. The turbine disclosed in document WO 2010/106570onthecontraryisoftheaxialtypeand comprises a box with a peripheral volute for transit of a working ?uid from an inlet to an outlet, a ?rst stator and possible other stators, a turbine shaft rotating about an axis andcarryinga?rstrotorandpossibleotherrotors.A tubular element extends in cantilevered fashion from the box and is coaxialwiththeturbineshaft.A supportingunitispositioned between the tubular element and the turbine shaft and is extractablealtogetherfromthetubularelement,exceptfor the shaft. [0005] More generally, the types of known expansion boxespresentlyinuseforthermodynamicORC cyclesareof the axial, one-stage and multi-stage type and of the radial one-stageandmulti-stagecentripetalorin?ow type. [0006] DocumentWO 2011/007366showsaturbineused inthe?eldofORC thermodynamiccyclesforgenerationof energy comprising three radial stages disposed axially after each other. ?uidout?owing from saidatleastone turbineiscondensed andsenttoatleastonepump;theworking?uidbeingthenfed to said at least one heat exchanger; characterised in that the expansion turbine is of the radial-out?ow type. [0016] Theorganicworking?uidofhighmolecularweight can be selected from the group comprising hydrocarbons, ketones,siloxanesor?uorinatedmaterials(theper?uorinated materialsbeingincluded)andusuallyhasamolecularweight includedbetween150and500g/mol.Preferably,thisorganic working?uidisper?uoro-2-methylpentane(havingthefur ther advantages of not being toxic and not being in?am mable),per?uoro1,3dimethylcyclohexane,hesamethyldisi loxane or octamethyltrisiloxane. [0017] Inanotheraspect,thepresentinventionrelatestoa process for energy generation through the organic Rankine cycle, comprising: i) feeding an organic working ?uid throughatleastoneheatexchangertoexchangeheatbetween a high temperature source and said working ?uid, so as to heat and evaporate saidworking ?uid; i)feedingthevaporised organicworking?uidout?owingfromtheheatexchangerto atleastoneexpansionturbinetocarryoutconversionofthe thermal energy present in the working ?uid into mechanical energyaccordingtoaRankinecycle;i)feedingtheorganicPDF Image | ORC Patent 2014
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