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US 2012/0216536A1 Aug.30,2012 SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE POWERCYCLECONFIGURATIONFORUSE INCONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER SYSTEMS PRIORITY [0001] Thisapplicationclaimsthebene?tunder35USC section 119 ofUS. provisional application 61/446,735 ?led on Feb. 25, 201 1 and entitled “Supercritical Carbon Dioxide PoWer Cycle Con?gurations for Use in Concentrating Solar PoWerSystems”thecontentofWhichisherebyincorporated by referenceinitsentiretyand foralpurposes. CONTRACTUAL ORIGIN [0002] TheUnitedStatesGovernmenthasrightsinthis invention under Contract No. DE-AC36-08G028308 betWeen the United States Department of Energy and the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, the manager and operatoroftheNationalReneWableEnergyLaboratory. BACKGROUND [0003] ConcentratingSolarPoWersystems(CSP)utiliZe solarenergytodriveathermalpoWercycleforthegeneration of electricity. CSP technologies include parabolic trough, linear Fresnel, central receiver or “poWer toWer,” and dish/ enginesystems.ConsiderableinterestinCSP hasbeendriven byreneWableenergyportfoliostandardsapplicabletoenergy providers in the southwestern United States and renewable energy feed-in tariffs in Spain. CSP systems are typically deployedaslarge,centraliZedpoWerplantstotakeadvantage ofeconomiesofscale.A keyadvantageofcertainCSP sys tems,inparticularparabolictroughsandpoWertoWers,isthe abilitytoincorporatethermalenergystorage.Thermalenergy storageisoftenlessexpensiveandmore e?icientthanelectric storageandalloWsCSP plantstoincreasecapacityfactorand dispatch poWer as neededifor example, to cover evening or otherdemandpeaks. [0004] CurrentCSPplantstypicallyutiliZeoil,moltensalt or. steam to transfer solar energy from a solar energy collec tion ?eld, toWer or other apparatus to the poWer generation block. These ?uids are generally referred to as “heat transfer ?uids”andaretypically?oWedthroughheatexchangeappa ratus to heat Water to steam or to heat an alternative “Working ?uid” Which is then used to drive a turbine and generate electricalpoWer. Commonly utiliZedheattransfer?uidshave propertiesthatincertaininstanceslimitplantperformance; for example, synthetic oil heat transfer ?uid has an upper temperature limit of 390° C., molten salt has an upper tem perature limit of about 565° C. While direct steam generation requires complex controls and alloWs for limited thermal storagecapacity.Higheroperatingtemperaturesgenerally translateintohigherthermalcycleef?ciencyandoftenalloW formoreef?cientthermalstorage.HoWever,highertempera tures also require the use of more exotic materials and cause greateropticalandthermallosses. [0005] CurrentCSPplantsthatrelyuponaheattransfer ?uidcircuitinthermalcommunicationWithaseparateWork ing?uidcircuitnecessarilyrequirecomplex,bulkyandcostly heatexchangeapparatusbetWeentheheattransferandWork ing ?uid circuits. In addition, the relatively loW density of many Working ?uids When applied to a turbine (superheated steamforexample)requiresrelativelylargeturbinebladesto accomplish a desired quantity of Work. The combination of bulkyheatexchangeapparatusWithlargeturbinestructures causesthepoWerblockofmostCSPplantstobealarge facility Which is located aWay from the solar receiver. For example, thepoWer block ina conventional toWer-based CSP facility might be located on the ground aWay from the solar energy receiver Which is situated at the top of a toWer. [0006] Theembodimentsdisclosedhereinareintendedto overcome one or more of the limitations noted above. The foregoing examples of the related art and limitations related thereWith are intended to be illustrative and not exclusive. Other limitations of the related art Will become apparent to thoseofskillintheartuponareadingofthespeci?cationand astudyofthedraWings. SUMMARY OF THE EMBODIMENTS [0007] ThefolloWingembodimentsandaspectsthereofare described and illustrated in conjunction With systems, tools and methods Which are meant to be exemplary and illustra tive, not limiting in scope. In various embodiments, one or more of the above-described problems have been reduced or eliminated, While other embodiments are directed to other improvements . [0008] OneembodimentisasolarpoWergenerationsystem including a Working ?uid circuit providing for the ?oW of supercriticalcarbondioxide(S-CO2)therein.Thesystemalso includes a solar energy receiver in thermal communication With the Working ?uid circuit providing for solar heating of the S-CO2 Working ?uid; a poWer turbine in ?uid communi cation With the S-CO2; a generator mechanically coupled to thepoWerturbine;acompressorturbinein?uidcommunica tion With the S-CO2 and a compressor mechanically coupled tothecompressorturbinesuchthatthecompressoriscon?g ured to compress the S-CO2 Within a portion of the Working ?uid circuit. [0009] ThesolarpoWergenerationsystemmay,inselected embodiments, maintain the S-CO2 Within the Working ?uid circuit Without phase change. The above system is therefore con?guredtoprovideaBraytonpoWercycle.Thesystemmay includeasinglepoWerturbine/compressorturbineshaftorthe system may include a poWer turbine shaft and a separate compressorturbineshaftprovidingfortheindependentrota tion of the poWer turbine and the compressor turbine. The system further includes at least one recuperator in thermal communication With the S-CO2 Working ?uid. [0010] In one possible embodiment, the solar energy receiver,Working?uidcircuit,poWerturbine,generator,com pressor turbine, compressor, and at least one recuperator are each located Within or on a toWer. In an alternative embodi ment selected apparatus may be located near, but separate from the toWer. [0011] ThesolarpoWergenerationsystemmayoptionally includeathermalenergystoragesysteminthermalcommu nication With the S-CO2 Working ?uid. In this alternative con?guration, the S-CO2 functions as a Working ?uid and a heattransfer?uid. [0012] Analternativesystemembodimentincludesapri maryBraytonpoWerblockutiliZingS-CO2Working?uidas described above and a secondary, typically Rankine cycle, poWerblockassociatedWiththeprimarypoWerblock.Such an alternative system includes but is not limited to a heat exchangerinthermalcommunicationWiththeprimaryWork ing ?uid circuit doWnstream from the poWer turbine; a sec ondaryWorking?uidcircuitcontainingasecondaryWorking ?uid in thermal communication With the heat exchanger; aPDF Image | SCO2 POWER CYCLE CONFIGURATION CONCENTRATING SOLAR
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