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US 2012/0216536A1 Aug.30,2012 behaves as a supercritical ?uid above its critical temperature (31.10 C.) and critical pressure (72.9 atm or 7.39 MPa). S-CO2 expands to ?ll itscontainer like a gas but has a density similar to that of a liquid. [0030] Various embodiments disclosed herein feature S-CO2 astheWorking?uidinaclosed-looprecompression Brayton cycle poWer block. These embodiments offer the potential of equivalent or higher cycle e?iciency versus supercritical or superheated steam Working cycles at tem peraturesrelevantforCSP applications. turbine 110 is mechanically coupled to a generator 112 and thuselectricalpoWerisgeneratedbythegenerator112When the poWer turbine 110 is driven. [0036] S-CO2exitsthepoWerturbine110ataloWertem peratureandpressurethanpresentatthepoWerturbineinlet. TocompleteaBraytonpoWercycletheS-CO2mustbefurther cooledandre-pressuriZedbeforeitisre-heatedatthereceiver 104.Thus,S-CO2exitingthepoWerturbine?oWsthroughone ormorerecuperators,forexamplehightemperaturerecupera tor 122 and loW temperature recuperator 124. One or more supplemental pre-coolers, for example pre-coolers 126 and 128 may furthercooltheS-CO2 priortocompressionofthe super-critical Working ?uid in the compressor 108. As noted above the compressor system 108 is driven by compressor turbine 106 and may be implemented With multiple stages including but not limited to pre-compressor 114, main com pressor 116 and re-compressor 118. [0031] InselectedembodimentsS-CO2isutiliZedina single phase process as both heat transfer ?uid (HTF) and thermal poWer cycle Working ?uid. As detailed beloW, the dualfunctionalityofS-CO2simpli?espoWersystemcon?gu ration. The embodiments disclosed herein are also compat ible With sensible or latent heat thermal energy storage based upon heat exchange With a thermal energy storage material. ThesimplermachineryandcompactsiZeoftheS-CO2appa ratus disclosed herein may reduce the installation, mainte nanceandoperationcostofasystemofgivensiZe.Inparticu lar, Brayton-cycle systems using S-CO2 as Working ?uid can be designed to have smaller Weight and volume, loWer ther mal mass and less complex poWer blocks versus Rankine cyclebasedsystemsduetothehigherdensityoftheS-CO2 [0038] Accordingly,thesystem100ofFIG.1usesS-CO2 Working ?uid and simpler cycle design. The loWer thermal mass of various embodiments also makes startup and load change fasterforfrequent startup/shut doWn operations and load adaption When compared to a conventional HTF/steam basedsystems. as the Working ?uid in a closed system recompression Bray toncyclepoWergenerationblock.Inthesystem100,S-CO2 ismaintainedthroughoutthecycleinthesupercriticalstate, Without phase change. Alternative embodiments might include condensing cycles that cause the S-CO2 to phase change to a liquid. The high e?iciency of S-CO2 Brayton cycle is achieved by recuperating heat from the turbine exhaust side back to the high-pressure S-CO2 ?oW. Proper recuperation requires signi?cant heat transfer and therefore large heat exchanger area. Large, high-pressure heat exchangerssuchasrecuperators122and124couldbecostly. A smallerscalesystem100canmakerecuperatorselection anddesignsomeWhateasier,butoptimiZationoftherecupera tor elements Will be important in loWering the cost and increasingtheperformanceofthesystem100. [0032] FIG.1isaschematicblock-diagramillustrationofa modulartoWerandreceiverS-CO2 Braytoncyclesolarther malpoWersystem.Inselectedembodiments,theCSP system 100 of FIG. 1 uses S-CO2 Without thermal energy storage. In other embodiments thermal energy storage or a secondary poWer block are included and S-CO2 is used as both heat transfer?uidandWorking?uid.Theassumedcapacityofthe poWer block as illustrated In FIG. 1 is approximately 5 to 10 MW, althoughtheplantillustratedinFIG.1canbescaledas desired to accommodate different poWer generation needs. Each toWer 102 could house its oWn turbo-machinery and multipletoWerscouldbeassembledinasinglepoWerpark. [0039] ThepoWerblockofthesystem100featuresadual Alternatively a toWer could house the apparatus associated With a solar receiver and each toWer could be connected to poWerblockapparatuslocatednearby. [0033] TheFIG.1con?gurationincludesareceiver104 plicityandminimiZescapitalcostattheexpenseofopera that is positioned to receive concentrated solar irradiation re?ected from many, often hundreds or thousands, of mirrors or heliostats 105. The system 100 also includes a compressor turbine 106 to drive an S-CO2 compressor assembly 108 and a poWer turbine 110 to drive a generator 112. The S-CO2 compressorassemblycanincludemultiplestagesifdesired, including but not limited to pre-compressor 114, main com pressor116andre-compressor118. tional?exibility.Ifadualshaftembodiment isinstalled.One bene?tisthatthepoWerturbineshaft130 andgascompressor shaft 132 can run at differing speeds. In particular, the com pressor 108 can be run ata speed selectedtomaximiZe com pression ef?ciency While the poWer turbine 110 can be run at constant speed in synchronization With the poWer grid fre quency. [0040] Analternativeface-to-facelayoutoftWinpoWer [0034] Thereceiver104isinthermalcommunicationWith turbines110(seeFIG.2)maybeutiliZedtocancelthethrust a Working ?uid circuit 120 Which has S-CO2 ?oWing therein as Working ?uid. Thus, concentrated sunlight re?ected from the heliostats 105 isreceived atthe receiver 104 and heats the S-CO2toanoperationaltemperature.Theremainingele ments described above and other elements described beloW arein?uidcommunicationWiththeS-CO2 ?oWingWithinthe Working ?uid circuit 120 or in certain instances in thermal communicationWiththeS-CO2WOI‘k1I1g?uid. force exerted on the bearings of the poWer turbine shaft 130. Similarly, the compressor turbine 106 and various compres sor components 114-118 may be positioned in a face-to-face layouttothrustbalancethecompressorshaft132.A motor andbrakesystem134may optionallybeassociatedWiththe compressor shaft 132 to help start and stop the compressor and compressor turbine units. [0041] Becauseofthecompactmechanicalformachiev [0035] Forexample,intheFIG.1embodiment,heated ableWithasinglephaseS-CO2turbine/compressorsystem S-CO2 ?oWs fromthereceiver104intheWorking?uidcircuit 120tothepoWerturbine110.At orinthepoWerturbine,the S-CO2 expands to drive the poWer turbine 110. The poWer 100,itispossibletoreducethesiZeofthegenerationunitand incorporatethesystemWithinasinglehousingifdesiredand integrate the generation unit into the receiver 104 and toWer [0037] Aftercompression,thepressurizedS-CO2Working ?uid may be ?oWed back to the receiver 104 for heating. It may be noted from FIG. 1 thatthe recuperators 122 and 124 also serve to pre-heat the compressed S-CO2 prior to ?nal heatingatthereceiver104. shaft design that separates gas compression and poWer gen eration. It is important to note that alternative embodiments may featureasingleshaftWhichenhancesfabricationsimPDF Image | SCO2 POWER CYCLE CONFIGURATION CONCENTRATING SOLAR
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