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US 2012/0216536A1 Aug.30,2012 102portionsofareceiver/towerassemblyasdepictedinFIG. 2. The bene?ts of integrating the entire system Within a tower include shorter piping and thus reduced pressure losses, reducedthermallosses,andimprovedtransientresponse.As aresult,anintegratedtoWerbasedsystemmay achievehigh performanceandsigni?cantcostbene?tsforCSP poWergen eration. [0042] Onepossiblesetofdimensionsandoperational parametersfora10MW integratedtoWerbasedS-CO2sys tem 100 are given in Table l. The ?nal selected turbine/ compressor size depends on poWer rating and design param eters,suchascompressionratio,shaftspeed,andoperational considerationssuchastheselectionofaxialorradial?oW for the compressor and turbine. TABLE 1 TypicalParametersfor10MWS4CO2powerunit [0046] Table2shoWstheturbinesize,shaftspeed,andCO2 mass ?oW rateforsystemshavingapoWerratingof0.3,3and 300MW. Forexample,a3MW systemcanbedesignedto have a 15 cm (6 inch) poWer turbine operating With a shaft speedof50,000RPM. An apparatusofthissizemay readily be located Within a toWer and associated With a solar receiver 104 as depicted in FIG. 2. [0047] Analternativeembodimentofthesystem100Which includes thermal energy storage is also shoWn in FIG. 1. Thermal energy storage enhances the basic system 100 describedabovebyprovidingforextendedpoWergeneration at times When sunlight is blocked by clouds or into the evening. Thus, a modular S-CO2 system plus thermal energy storage(TES)canreducetheimpactofWeatherconditionson generation variability. Implementation of a large TES for longerstoragehoursmay shiftgenerationtoaccommodate peak hours or alloW for continuous poWer generation. Unlike the Working ?uid used in Water/steam Rankine cycle based systems,S-CO2undergoesnophasechangeduringheattrans ferandcanbematchedtocurrentlyavailablemoltensaltTES technology. Using the system 100 as a starting point, an enhanced TES system adds a TES system 136 to store solar energy for use during peak demand or under no-solar heat conditions.TheTES system136Wouldpossiblybeground mounted and shared betWeen toWers. Utilization of a TES system 136 can provide short term storage for Weather tran sitionandloadshiftsimplyandeconomically. [0048] AnytypeofTEScanbeadaptedforuseWiththe system100,providedtheselectedTES isdesignedtoprop erly exchange heat energy With the S-CO2 Working ?uid of the described embodiments. Thus, in an alternative imple mentationWherethesystem100includesaTES system136, the S-CO2 functions as both Working ?uid and heat transfer ?uid. One representative but non-limiting example of a TES 136 suitable for implementation in conjunction With system 100 is a tWo tank system utilizing molten salt as a heat storage material.AtWo-tanksaltsystemmaintainshotandcoldsaltin separate tanks. During discharge, the salt is pumped from a hottanktoacoldtankthroughheatexchangersthatexchange heat from the hot molten salt to the S-CO2 ?oWing in the Working ?uid circuit 120. The process is reversed during charging such that heat is transferred to the molten salt from theS-CO2 Whichisfunctioningasaheattransfer?uid(HTF). Generally,anyTES con?gurationsWillprovideforseveral operational modes including a generation mode Where al HTF isusedforpoWergenerationandcompressoroperation, achargemodeWhereHTF issenttothestoragesystemand heat is stored in the thermal energy storage tank(s) and a discharge mode Where the poWer block is driven by the ther mal energy from the storage tank instead of heat from solar receiver. [0049] TheshortcomingsofatWo-tanksaltsysteminclude high system and material costs and a temperature cap (less than 6000 C.) for salt stability When implemented With a sodium/potassium nitrate salt blend as is typical in knoWn liquid salt TES implementations. Other TES technologies under development involve therrnocline TES, TES utilizing thelatentheatofphase-changematerials,orTES systems utilizingotherloW-cost;stableheatstoragematerialsforhigh performance and more economical operations. LoW-cost high-temperature storage can improve the described S-CO2 systemoveralle?iciency,increasecapacityfactorandreduce cost.A suitableTES 136systemcouldbeintegratedintothe toWer to minimize S-CO2 pipe runs. Alternatively, a suitable TES system136may begroundmountedandfeatureamolten saltheatstoragematerialWhichispumpedtomultipletoWers. Turbine diameter FloW rate Temperature, pressure HTFpipingsize 21 cm (8.3 in) 125 kg/s 7000 C., 250 bars 8"@ 30m/s [0043] Itisimportanttonotethatthesystem100described in detail above may be implemented With a greater or lesser number of components selected to achieve e?icient energy generation utilizing S-CO2 as the Working ?uid of a Brayton cycle poWer block. The various embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to the precise con?guration of FIG. 1 or 2 [0044] Asnotedabove,themodularandintegratedpoWer block design of FIG. 2 features a dual-shaft turbine layout to separate gas compression and poWer generation shafts 130 and 132. Although single shaft embodiments are Within the scopeofthisdisclosureandaresimplerandthuslesscostly,a dualshaftcon?gurationprovidesforcompressionstagesand poWer generation to be run at different shaft speeds With each shaft speed selected to achieve optimum operational condi tions. For example, the poWer turbine 110 and poWer turbine shaftmay be rotatedata speed 3600 rpm Which matches the grid poWer frequency of 60 Hz When using many typical generator designs. In other implementations, as noted in Table 2 beloW, itmay be advantageous to rotate the poWer turbine at a higher speed. In a higher-speed implementation thesystemmay includeagearboxbetWeenthepoWerturbine and generator to assure that the generator operates at the correctrotationalspeed. [0045] Thecompressor108andcompressorturbine106 mayberunatmuchhigherspeedsforbettere?iciency.Select ing a relatively high shaft speed for the compressor 108 and compressor turbine 106 reduces the sizes of these compo nents and improves performance, as indicated in Table 2. TABLE 2 Selected Parameters for Systems ofVarious Power Ratin_g_s PoWer Turbine Rate Wheel (MW) diameter(m) 0.3 0.04 3 0.15 300 1.5 Desired Shaft Speed (RPM) 125,000 50,000 3,600 CO2 FloW (kgsec) 3.5 35 3500PDF Image | SCO2 POWER CYCLE CONFIGURATION CONCENTRATING SOLAR
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