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US 2012/0216536A1 Aug.30,2012 [0050] Forhightemperaturestorage,thermalstoragemate rialsotherthannitratesaltsmaybenecessaryforstabilityand high energy density, for instance, salt or metal alloys With phase-changetemperaturesmatchingtheS-CO2temperature BraytoncycletodrivethepoWerturbines314andthusgen range, solid storage media, or a high temperature salt or metal. Since S-CO2 cycles are highly recuperated and the turbineexpansionratioislimited,thetemperatureWindoW for a suitable heat source is narroW. This operational consid eration limits the utility of sensible heat storage systems in combinationWithaS-CO2 systemsuchassystem100.A supplemental poWer block cycle such as described in detail beloWmay beconsideredtoexpandtheheatsourcetempera ture difference by loWering the returning temperature of S-CO2 ?oWing back to the receiver 104. Alternatively a phase-change TES system may be deployed that operates over a more narroW temperature WindoW. Aluminum and aluminum alloys are promising candidates With large heats of-fusion in the 550 to 700° C. range. The use of a metallic alloy also eliminates the thermal conductivity limitations experiencedWithsaltphasechangematerials. erate electrical poWer With a primary generator 322. [0054] Thesystem300alsoincludesaloWer,secondary, Rankine poWer block 304. The Rankine poWer block 304 includes a secondary Working ?uid circuit 324 having a sec ondary Working ?uid ?oWing therein. The secondary Working ?uidmay,forexample,beWater/steamoranorganicWorking ?uid.Duringoperation,thesecondaryWorking?uidisheated byheatexchangeWithS-CO2?oWingintheprimaryWorking ?uidcircuit312.HeatexchangebetWeentheprimaryS-CO2 Working ?uid and the secondary Working ?uid may occur in any suitable heat exchanging apparatus including but not limitedtothepreheater326,evaporator328,superheater330 and reheater 332 of FIG. 3. [0055] AsfurtherillustratedinFIG.3,heatedsecondary Working?uidexitsthesuperheater330and/orreheater332to drive secondary poWer turbines, for example high pressure [0051] InanS-CO2Braytoncyclesystem100asdescribed turbine334andloWpressureturbine336.Thesecondary above, a major cost ofthe components may not be the turbine and compressor elements, as these components can be rela tively small and someWhat economical to produce. On the contrary, a signi?cant cost associated With a system 100 Would be associated With the heat recuperator(s) 122 and 124 and pre-cooler(s) 126, 128, as these heat exchange elements are subject to very high pressure differentials. One Way to mitigate this cost is to add a “bottom” or secondary poWer cycletothesystem.Forexamplethesystemmay beexpanded to include a Rankine cycle or in particular an Organic Rank ine Cycle (ORC) poWer block to minimiZe the physical siZe necessary to accommodate the large temperature and pres sure gradients present in the recuperator and pre-cooler ele ments.AddinganORC poWerblockmayalsobebene?cialto anS-CO2Braytoncyclesystembypotentiallyconvertingup bemaintainedWithrelativelysmallerandlessexpensiverecu to20% oftheWasteheatfromtheBraytoncyclepoWerblock intoelectricity,Whichincreasesoverallcyclee?iciency.The combined Brayton cycle/Rankine cycle plant may thus com paresfavorablyinbothperformanceandcosttootherknoWn typesofCSP poWerblockcon?gurations. [0052] Arepresentativebutnon-limitingexampleofasys tem 300 featuring an S-CO2 upper Brayton cycle poWer block 302 and a loWer Rankine cycle poWer block 304 is shoWn in FIG. 3. The system 300 of FIG. 3 offers several advantages over conventional CSP con?gurations, including but not lim itedto;increasedef?ciencyby avoidingoilorsaltHTF temperature limitations, a modular design that maximiZes factory manufacturing to reduce component cost, shorten plant construction time and reduce installation cost, higher thermalconversione?iciencyandreducedsystemcomplex generation.Alternatively,theBraytoncyclepoWerblock302 itybyusingS-CO2asbothHTF andWorking?uid.A com bined cycle system 300 can obtain high cycle e?iciency of about 50-60%, and commensurate 30-40% solar-to-electric itye?iciency. [0053] Thesystem300ismodularandcanbeintegrated simplerecuperatedS-CO2Braytoncyclesystemandarecom With a toWer in a manner similar to the system 100 of FIG. 2. Thus, the system 300 includes a toWer 306, solar energy receiver 308 and heliostats 310 all functioning as described above. The receiver 308 is in thermal communication With an upper Brayton poWer block 302 through the primary Working ?uid circuit 312 having S-CO2 ?oWing therein as described above.TheprimaryWorking?uidcircuit312 isin?uidcom munication With one ormore poWer turbines 314, one ormore pression S-CO2 Brayton cycle system versus a typical sub critical reheat steam cycle as used in a poWer toWer. The tabulated steam values are based upon a Wet-cooled, direct steam receiver system. The simple S-CO2 cycle provides an improvement relative to the current state-of-the-art ifhigher operating temperatures are employed, While the more com plexrecompressioncycleachievessubstantiallyhighere?i ciencies even atcomparable temperatures. compressorturbines316,compressorelements318,anda recuperator 320. The foregoing elements function as described above With respect to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 to utiliZe a poWer turbines 334, 336 are in turn mechanically coupled to secondary generator 338 and are con?gured to drive the sec ondarygenerator338toproduceelectricity.SecondaryWork ing?uidinagasphasemay exitthepoWerturbines334and 336 and be condensed to a liquid in a condenser 340. The condensed liquid may then be pumped back through the Rankine poWer block 304 by pump 342. [0056] Asnotedabove,asystem300includingaloWer Rankine poWer block 304 is advantageous in at least three Ways. First, the Waste heat from the upper Brayton cycle poWer block 302 is captured and used to generate electricity. Second,S-CO2primaryWorking?uidundergoestemperature reduction as heat is exchanged With the secondary Working ?uidcircuit324.Thus,properBraytoncycleoperationmay perator320elements.Finally,theexpandedtemperaturedif ferential in the S-CO2 primary Working ?uid circuit 312 facilitates sensible heat thermal energy storage ifdesired. [0057] Thesystem300canalsobeimplementedWithan optional TES system 344 as described above. Furthermore, becauseofthecompactmechanicalformachievableWitha single phase S-CO2 Brayton cycle poWer block 302, it is possible to reduce the siZe of the entire generation unit and integrate the generation unit into a receiver/toWer assembly 306, 308. The bene?ts of integrating the entire system 300 WithatoWerincludeshorterpipingandthusreducedpressure loss, reduced thermal loss, and improved transient response. As a result, an integrated toWer based system may achieve highperformance and signi?cantcostbene?ts forCSP poWer maybeincorporatedintoatoWerWithheatexchangebetWeen several toWers and a lesser number of Rankine poWer blocks 304 occurring at a ground-based secondary plant. [0058] Table3comparesthegrosscyclee?iciencyofaPDF Image | SCO2 POWER CYCLE CONFIGURATION CONCENTRATING SOLAR
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