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US 2012/0055805 A1 Mar. 8,2012 CAVITATIONASSISTEDSONOCHEMICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] Thisapplicationisacontinuation-in-partofUS. Ser. No. 12/166,979 ?led Jul. 2, 2008, pending, and to Which priority is claimed. This application also claims priority to US. Provisional Application No. 61/450,569, ?led Mar. 8, 201 1.Both documents are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] Thepresentinventiongenerallyrelatestoef?cient generation of hydrogen and more speci?cally to in-situ hydrogengeneration. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] WateriscomposedoftWopartshydrogenandone part oxygen by mass or volume. Decomposed by any means, tWo moles of Water Will produce one mole of oxygen gas (02) andtWomolesofhydrogengas(H2)atagiveninputofenergy E1.When combinedtogetherthroughanymeans,hydrogen and oxygen react to form Water, releasing a given output of energyE2.ByalknoWnprinciplesofphysicsandchemistry, E1>E2 and thus by thermodynamics the process is not favored in direct action. For hydrogen to be useful as an energy source and economical to use, a means must be created to either reduce the dissociation energy of Water, or provide energy in some other fashion in the process, for example With catalytic enhancement, or all the above. [0004] Hydrogencanbemanufacturedbyavarietyof means (including,butnotlimitedtochemical,electrical,ther mal, radiolysis, etc.) from a variety of chemical substances (including, but not limited to, Water, hydrocarbons, plants, rocks, etc.). In the present invention Water is used as the hydrogen source and a catalytic combination of electrolysis and cavitation isused to generate the hydrogen. The method ofcavitationmay beby avarietyofmeans (acoustical,hydro dynamicinertial,non-inertial,mechanical,electromagnetic, etc.), or any combination thereof. [0005] Hydrogen,beingthemostabundantelementon earth as Well as in the Universe, holds particular promise as a fuel source, both on earth as Well as in space. Hydrogen can poWer homes and factories, transportation modes (planes, trains, and vehicles). Thus, hydrogen can serve to eliminate carbonfuelscompletelyintheelectricalcycle,thusbringing about a net subtraction by the contribution of anthropomor phic processes to terrestrial climate change. There are four signi?cant “hurdles” cited by numerous revieWs to the use of hydrogen. Each isnoted as folloWs. [0006] 1.PI‘OdUCIIOIIiHOWtoproducemassiveamounts ofhydrogeninane?icient,safe,environmentally‘friendly’ fashion. [0007] 2.StorageiHoWtostoretheloWdensity,?am mable gas. [0008] 3.DistributioniHydrogen,beingdif?culttostore, is thus dif?cult to transport. [0009] 4.UseiHoW canhydrogenbeusedisabigger hurdle in light of the prior tWo items. [0010] AccordinglyWhatisneededisamethodandsystem to overcome the problems encountered in the prior art and to provide an economical method and apparatus to produce hydrogen. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] Amethodandanapparatustogeneratehydrogen gas as H2 from a hydrogen containing liquid such as Water. In oneembodiment,thestructureisaelectrolyticcellcon?gured With catalytic enhancements to maximiZe the volume and mass of hydrogen produced, and minimiZe the energy input, thusminimiZingcostofoperation.Thisdeviceisparticularly con?gured to enhance catalytically the decomposition of Waterandtheformationofhydrogengasby: 1)thecontainer apparatuscon?gurationofelectricandmagnetic?elds;2)the useofsonochemistryandcavitation;and3)theuseofappli cable solutes and solvents in the device that change the pH, ionicstate,andthechemicalpotentialofthedevicesolution. [0012] Thecavitationmaybegeneratedbyavarietyof means including but not limited to, acoustic energy, hydro dynamic(inertial,non-inertial),mechanical,electromagnetic energy, etc., or any combination thereof. [0013] Therearefoursigni?cant“hurdles”citedbynumer ous revieWs to the use of hydrogen. Each is noted as folloWs. [0014] 1.PI‘OdUCIIOIIiHOWtoproducemassiveamounts ofhydrogeninane?icient,safe,environmentally‘friendly’ fashion.Thispatentiscapableofproducinghydrogenfrom Water,andbyanyfashioninitsrecombinationWithoxygento reformWater,producingnopollutionWhatsoeverandretum ingWaterbacktoitsoriginalform. [0015] 2.StorageiHoWtostoretheloWdensity,?am mable gas. This patent eliminates the need for storage, by creating a scalable process to generate hydrogen from Water in-situ Wherever it is needed. It thus eliminates the need for dangerous, costly, and haZardous storage and transport issues. [0016] 3.DistributioniHydrogen,beingdif?culttostore, isthusdif?culttotransport.Again,thispatenteliminatesthe need for storage and thus transport, by creating a scalable processtogeneratehydrogenfromWaterin-situWhereveritis needed.Thereisnoneedfordangerous,costly,andhaZardous storage,distribution,andtransportissues. [0017] 4.UseiHoWcanhydrogenbeusedisabigger hurdle in light of the prior tWo items. With the elimination of those tWo items, the relative cost of the use of fuel cells becomes economical even to the middle class. Without the needforrefueling,orbyminimiZingtheneedforrefueling, the ability to use fuel cells Will become ubiquitous to modern life. [0018] Amethodandapparatusofproducinghydrogenis disclosed comprising applying an electrical current to How through an aqueous solution. Cavitation is generated Within the aqueous solution, Where the cavitation loWers an amount of energy required to break chemical bonds of said aqueous solution. [0019] Embodimentsoftheinventionarealsodirectedto classes of chemical moieties that enhance the hydrogen con tentoftheelectrolyteandcanbeusedtogeneratehydrogenin theprocessandapparatusdescribedherein.An embodiment of the electrolyte composition of matter comprises an aque ous solvent, at least one inorganic salt dissolved in said sol vent; and at least one organic acid or salt thereof, the acid beingsubstantiallysolubleintheaqueoussolventandpresent in a concentration suf?cient to support cavitation-assistedPDF Image | SONOCHEMICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM
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