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US 2012/0055805 A1 Mar. 8,2012 [0046] FIG.9isasimilardrawingtakenfromanelevation [0057] Theterm“cavitation-assistedelectrolyticcombus and facing the transverse transducer housing, with the gas collectiontube, anode and bottom transducerhousing made partiallytransparent. [0047] FIG.10isasimilardrawingtakenfromanelevation Itisnottobeinferredthattheprocessstepsarelimitedtoonly and rotated 90 degrees from FIG. 9. the apparatus described herein, but that the method may be [0048] FIG.11isanexplodedviewoftheapparatusof adaptedtoanysuitablecavitation-assistedelectrolysisdevice FIGS. 8-10. [0049] FIG.12isagraphofthehydrogendataproduced usingthisembodiment. [0050] FIGS.13-16aregraphicaldepictionsofthehydro genversustimedatacollectedforaseriesoforganicacidsthat were tested in a cavitation-assisted electrolysis embodiment of the current invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0051] Itshouldbeunderstoodthatthefollowingembodi ments are only examples of the many advantageous uses of theinnovativeteachingsherein.Ingeneral,statementsmade in the speci?cation of the present application do not neces sarilylimitanyofthevariousclaimedinventions.Moreover, some statementsmay applytosome inventivefeaturesbutnot to others. In general, unless otherwise indicated, singular elements may be inthe plural and vice versa with no loss of generality. De?ned Terms [0052] Inthispatentthefollowingde?nitionsapplywhen these words are used: [0053] CavitationiCavitationisthephenomenonoffor mation (irregardless of mechanism) of vapor bubbles in a ?uid,intheregionwherethepressureofthe?uidfallsbelow its vapor pressure. Cavitation can be divided into two classes ofbehavior:inertial(ortransient)cavitation,andnon-inertial cavitation. Inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubbleinaliquidrapidlycollapses,producingashockwave. Non-inertial cavitation isthe process where a bubble in a ?uid is forced to oscillate in siZe or shape due to some form of energy (such as acoustic ?elds) input. byoneofordinaryskil,giventheseteachings.Thatis,the process is separate and distinct from the apparatus. First Embodiment of Hydrogen Production System [0058] FIG.1isacrosssectionalsideviewofthehydrogen production system 100 according to the present invention. Hydrogen production system 100 consists of a container apparatus102inthefashionofanelectrolyticcellcapableof storingavolume ofasolution160. Solution160 iscomprised of a solvent and solute. The solvent is preferably water or another aqueous solution containing hydrogen. The solute is achemicalcompoundcapableofcarryinganelectricalcharge i.e. an electrolyte. The sides of container apparatus 102 are preferablynon-electricallyconductive.Twoelectrically-con ductivepieces130and132areheldabovethebottommember 105 of container apparatus 120 by supporting members 106 and108,respectively.Theelectrically-conductivepiece130 is connected to the negative terminal 112 of power supply 110.Thus,theelectrically-conductivepiece130isacathode. Likewise, the electrically conductive piece 132 is connected to the positive terminal 114 of power supply 110. Thus, the electrically-conductive piece 132 is an anode. A hollow, cylindrical tube 120 is connected to and passes though top member 104ofcontainerapparatus102.Thebottomoftube 120is?aredoutwardandpositionedsothatthebottomoftube 120 is below the bottom of cathode 130 but not touching bottom member 105 of container apparatus 102. Likewise, a hollow, cylindrical tube 122 is connected to and passes through top member 104 of container apparatus 102. The bottomoftube122is?aredoutwardandpositionedsothatthe bottom of tube 122 is below the bottom of anode 132 but not touching bottom member 105 of container apparatus 102. Finally, a transducer 140 is connected to one side of container apparatus 102. Wires 142 connect transducer 140 to power [0054] AcousticEnergyiForthepurposesofthispatent, supply110. ultrasonicacousticenergyreferstothosefrequenciesfrom 16 kHZ up to and including 2 mHZ. “Power ultrasound” iscom monly understood to include the frequency range of from 20 kHZto100kHZwhichiswherecavitationoccurs.Above 100 kHZ ultrasoundisusefulprimarilyforclinicalimaging.Also for the purposes of this patent, acoustic energy, as well as any radiationofanyfrequencyorwavelengthintheelectromag netic spectrum, may be employed as a single frequency (wavelength) or any frequency combination thereof (as a discrete sum, difference, harmonics, sub-harmonics, over tones,series,etc.). [0059] Aspreviouslymentioned,powersupply110causes cathode 130 to be negatively charged and anode 132 to be positivelycharged.As aresult,anelectricalcurrentiscreated between cathode 130 and anode 132. The electrical current electrolyZes solution 160 and causes hydrogen to form around cathode 130 and oxygen to form around anode 132. Tube120funnelsthehydrogenoutofcontainerapparatus102 for use further use (shown by arrow 150), such as to provide fuel for hydrogen fuel cells or to directly power an engine. Likewise tube 122 funnels the oxygen out of container appa ratus102(shownbyarrow155).As solution160iselectro lyZedandtheconstituentgasesareremovedfromthesystem 100, additional solution can be added through an inlet 170. [0060] Transducer140producesacousticenergywaves 144 which transmit through and cause cavitation in solution 160. This cavitation decreases the energy required to break the chemical bonds of solution 160. As a result, in the pres ence of cavitation, a greater amount of hydrogen is produced at cathode 130 at a given voltage than in the absence of [0055] “Electrolysis”asitisusedhereinreferstoAppli cants’generalprotocolforproducinghydrogen,butuseofthe termisnotanadmissionthattheprocessiselectrolysis. Applicants have demonstrated herein that the hydrogen is produced by a sonoelectrochemical process, and not that of pure electrolysis. However, the term “electrolysis” is some times used to refer in shorthand manner to the sonoelectro chemicalhydrogenproductionprocessdevelopedhereunder. [0056] Theterm“extractor”isusedinterchangeablywith cavitation.Alternatively,inthepresenceofcavitation,the “apparatus”toindicatethehydrogenproductioncellembodi same amount of hydrogen is produced at cathode 130 at a ments describedherein. lowervoltagethanintheabsenceofcavitation. tion” is the process of converting any suitable hydrocarbon solubleintheelectrolyteintohydrogenand/orcarbondioxide inthevariousembodimentsoftheapparatusdisclosedherein.PDF Image | SONOCHEMICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM
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