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US 8,128,341 B2 34 discharged into the environment after passage through the turbine unit of the gas turbine. Steamturbines,furthermore,unlikethegasturbine,donot haveacompressorunit,and,moreover,theshaftsofthesteam turbinearegenerallyonlyradiallyaccessible. Steam turbines With a steam inlet temperature of approxi mately 600° C. Were developed and constructed in the 1950s. These steamturbineshaveradialblading.Today’spriorartin steam turbine construction comprises shaft cooling systems With a radial arrangement of the ?rst stator blade roW in the formofdiagonalorgoverningstages.Withthisembodiment, hoWever, the loW cooling action ofthese diagonal or govem ingstagesisdisadvantageous. In the steam turbine shafts, the piston region and inlet region are particularly thermally loaded. The region of a thrust-compensating piston is to be understood by piston region. The thrust-compensating piston acts in a steam tur bine in such a Way that With a force, Which is created by the Workingmedium,upontheshaftinonedirection,anopposing forceisdevelopedintheoppositedirection. CoolingofasteamturbineshaftisdescribedinteraliainEP 0 991 850 B1. In this case, a compact or high-pressure and intermediate-pressure turbine section is constructed by means of a connection in the shaft, through Which a cooling medium can ?oW. With this, itisconsidered disadvantageous that a controllable bypass cannot be formed betWeen tWo differentexpansionsections.Furthermore,problemsduring variableloadoperationarepossible. It Would be desirable to form a steam turbine Which is suitableforhightemperatures. SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is the object of the invention, therefore, to disclose a steamturbineWhichcanbeoperatedathighsteamtempera tures. 20 25 30 35 to be seen in the steam turbine shaft being able to be formed With creep stability on the one hand, and ?exibly reacting to thermal loads on the other hand. During a load change for example, during Which a higher thermal load can occur, the coolingleadstothethermalloadoftheshaftultimatelyreduc ing.ThisespeciallyappliestotheregionsWhichareparticu larly thermally loaded, such as the inlet region or the com pensatingpiston. In this case, the invention starts from the aspect that the cooling steam is mixed With compensating piston leakage steam, and this mixed steam Which is formed is fed again to theHow passageinordertoperformfurtherWorkthere.The ef?ciency of the steam turbine increases as a result. Consequently, a quick starting of the steam turbine is pos sible,Whichforthisdayandagerepresentsaparticularaspect Wherein the point is to quickly make poWer available. Fur thermore, an advantage is created by means of the steam turbineaccordingtotheinventionbythefactthatthecostsfor ashaftmonitoringcanbeloWer.A holloWsteamturbineshaft has a loWer mass compared With a solid shaft and conse quently also has a loWer thermal capacity compared With a solid shaft, and also has a larger ?oW-Washed surface. As result of this, quick Warming-up of the steam turbine shaft is posible. A furtheraspectoftheinventionisthatthecreeprupture strength of the material Which is used for the steam turbine shaftisincreasedasresultoftheimprovedcooling.Thecreep rupture strength in this case can be increased by a factor greater than 2 compared With a solid shaft, so that the stress increase,Whichisdescribedabove,isovercompensated.This leads to a Widening of the range of application of the steam turbineshaft. A furtheraspectoftheinventionisthattheradialclear ances can be reduced by the diameter of the holloW shaft beingenlargedasaresultofradialcentrifugalforces.The radial centrifugal force is proportional to the square of the speed. An increase of speed consequently brings about a reduction of radial clearances, Which leads to an increase of theoverallef?ciencyofthesteamturbine. A furtheraspectoftheinventionisthatholloWshaftscanbe inexpensivelyproduced. In an advantageous development, the casing comprises an inner casing and an outer casing. High-pressure turbine sec tions as Well as intermediate-pressure and compact-turbine sectionsarepartsofsteamturbinesWhichcanbethermally extremelyhighlyloaded.As arule,high-pressure,intermedi ate-pressure and also compact-turbine sections are formed With an inner casing, upon Which stator blades are arranged, and With an outer casing Which is arranged around the inner casing. In an advantageous development, the turbine shaft in the axialdirectionhasatleasttWo sectionsconsistingofdifferent materials. Consequently, costs can be saved. As a rule, high-grade materialisusedinthethermallyloadedregions. Forexample, 10% chromium steelcanbeusedinthether mally loaded regions, Whereas 1% chromium steel can be usedintheregionsofloWerthermalloading. The turbine shaft in the axial direction expediently has threesectionsconsistingofdifferentmaterials.ThetWoouter sections especially consist of the same material. Conse quently,suitablematerialcanbepurposefullyselectedforthe respectivesectionofthesteamturbineshaftofvariablether malloading. The sections Which consist of different materials are advantageouslyWeldedtoeachother.As aresultoftheWeld ing, a stable turbine shaft is formed. This object is achieved by means of a steam turbine With a casing, Wherein a turbine shaft, Which has a thrust-compen sating piston, is arranged in a rotatably mounted manner inside the casing and is oriented along a rotational axis, 40 WhereinaHow passageisformedbetWeenthecasingandthe turbine shaft, Wherein the turbine shaft has a cooling line Within it for guiding cooling steam in the direction of the rotational axis, and the cooling line is connected on one side toatleastonein?oWlineforin?oWofcoolingsteamfromthe 45 How passageintothecoolingline,Whereinthecoolinglineis connectedontheothersidetoatleastout?oW lineforguiding coolingsteamontoageneratedsurfaceofthethrust-compen satingpiston. Inanadvantageousdevelopment,thesteamturbineis50 formed With a return line for return of mixed steam, Which is formed from the cooling steam and compensating piston leakagesteam,WhereinthereturnleadsintotheHow passage. Therefore, a steam turbine With a steam turbine shaft is proposedWhichisholloWinthehotregionsineachcase during operation, and Which is provided With internal cool ing.Theinventionisbasedupontheaspectthatduringopera tionexpandedsteamisguidedthroughtheinsideoftheshaft to the compensating piston and cools the thermally highly stressedcompensatingpistonthere.Withtheproposedcool 60 ingcapability,particularlythosesteamturbineshaftsWhich have a compensating piston can be cooled. These Would be for example high-pressure, intermediate-pressure and also K-turbinesections,Whereinacompact-turbinesectionWhich hasahigh-pressureandintermediate-pressureturbinesection located on one steam turbine shaft is to be understood by a K-turbine section. The advantage of the invention inter alia is 55 65PDF Image | STEAM TURBINE 2001
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