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US 7,685,820B2 34 exemplary embodiment, molten salt is used as the heat trans fer ?uid through solar heating system 12. The molten salt used to transfer heat from solar receiver 20 to supercritical carbon dioxide system 14 is capable of being heated to a temperature of at least approximately 1065° F. The molten salt can be salts composed of a eutectic mixture of sodium nitrateandpotassiumnitrate.A suitablecompositionofthe molten salt is betWeen approximately 50% and approxi mately70% sodiumnitratebyWeightandapproximately 30% andapproximately50% potassiumnitratebyWeight.A more suitablecompositionofthemoltensaltisapproximately 60% sodiumnitratebyWeightandapproximately40% potas siumnitratebyWeight. mately 300 MegaWatts of electrical energy net, With an e?i ciency of approximately 90%. The poWer generated by gen erator38may beusedinvariousapplications,including,but not limited to: poWering commercial and residential build 1ngs. The Brayton cycle Working ?uid is then transported from turbine 36 to high temperature recuperator 40 through ?rst intermediate temperature line 52. In high temperature recu perator40,thetemperatureoftheBraytoncycleWorking?uid drops to approximately 335° F. The Brayton cycle Working ?uidisthenpassedthroughsecondintermediatetemperature line56toloWtemperaturerecuperator42,Wherethetempera ture of the Brayton cycle Working ?uid is further reduced to approximately158°F.HightemperatureandloWtemperature recuperators 40 and 42 function as heat exchangers that recapture heat and send the heat back into supercritical car bondioxidesystem14toimprovethee?iciencyofsupercriti cal carbon dioxide system 14. Thus, heat is added to the BraytoncycleWorking?uidinhighandloWtemperature recuperators40and42,asWellasinheatexchanger26. From loW temperature recuperator 42, the Brayton cycle Working?uidissentthroughthirdintermediatetemperature line 60 to ?rst valve 72. At ?rst valve 72, a portion of the BraytoncycleWorking?uidispassedthroughprecoolerline 62toprecooler44WherethetemperatureoftheBraytoncycle Working ?uid is reduced to approximately 90° F. before the BraytoncycleWorking?uidistransportedthroughmaincom pressor line 64 to main compressor 46. Precooler 44 may reject the heat into Water, Which is sent to a cooling toWer to releasetheheattotheatmosphere.Alternatively,theheat rejectionmayalsobeaccomplishedbydirectlyaircoolingthe heat.The coolingisrequiredtoloWerthetemperatureofthe BraytoncycleWorking?uidtotherequiredloWstartingtem peratureofclosedsupercriticalcarbondioxidesystem14.At maincompressor46,theBraytoncycleWorking?uidispres suriZed to a pressure of approximately 2900 psi and a tem perature of approximately 142° F. By operating main com pressor 46 With inlet conditions immediately above the carbon dioxide critical point, the Work required is signi? cantlyreduced.TheBraytoncycleWorking?uidthen?oWs throughloWtemperaturerecuperatorinletline66backtoloW temperature recuperator 42 and is heated to a temperature of approximately317°F.TheBraytoncycleWorking?uidthen leaves loW temperature recuperator 42 and enters second valve74throughloWtemperaturerecuperatoroutletline58. Inparallel,thesecondportionoftheBraytoncycleWork ing?uidistransportedfrom?rstvalve72throughrecompres sioncompressorinletline68torecompressioncompressor48 Where it is pressurized to approximately 2899 psi at a tem peratureofapproximately317°F.TheBraytoncycleWorking ?uid from recompression compressor 48 subsequently rejoins the main compressor 46 discharge through recom pression compressor outlet line 70 into second valve 74. The combined Brayton cycle Working ?uid then leaves second valve74throughhightemperaturerecuperatorinlet76and enters high temperature recuperator 40, Where itisheated to approximately746°F.Fromhightemperaturerecuperator40, theBraytoncycleWorking?uidispassedthroughhightem perature recuperator outlet line 54 and enters heat exchanger 26atatemperatureofapproximately746°F.andapressureof approximately2895psi. FIG. 2 shoWs a diagram of a method of using the heat transfer?uidfromsolarheatingsystem12toprovidethermal energy to supercritical carbon dioxide system 14. As previ ouslymentioned,themoltensaltisinitiallystoredincold storage tank 18, Box 100. When needed, the molten salt is pumped to solar receiver 20 (Box 102) and heated to a tem Supercritical carbon dioxide turbine system 14 generally includescirculationsystem34,heatexchanger26,turbine36, turbinegenerator38,hightemperaturerecuperator40,loW temperature recuperator 42, precooler 44, main compressor 46,andrecompressioncompressor48.Circulationsystem34 transportsaBraytoncycleWorking?uidthroughsupercritical carbondioxidesystem14andgenerallyincludeshightem 20 peratureline50,?rstintermediatetemperatureline52,high temperature recuperator outlet line 54, second intermediate temperature line 56, loW temperature recuperator outlet line 58,thirdintermediatetemperatureline60,precoolerline62, maincompressorline64,loWtemperaturerecuperatorinlet25 line66,recompressioncompressorinletline68,recompres sioncompressoroutletline70,?rstvalve72,secondvalve74, and high temperature recuperator inlet line 76. The Brayton cycleWorking?uidiscirculatedthroughcirculationsystem 34bymaincompressor46andrecompressioncompressor48. 30 In addition, generator 38, turbine 36, recompression com pressor 48, and main compressor 46 are connected on shaft 78. Main compressor 46 and recompression compressor 48 are connected to each other through ?rst shaft section 7811. Recompressioncompressor48andturbine36areconnected 35 to each other through second shaft section 78b. Turbine 36 and generator 38 are connected to each other by third shaft section 780. In an exemplary embodiment, supercritical car bondioxidesystem14isasupercriticalcarbondioxideBray tonpoWerconversioncycle. As the heat transfer ?uid from solar heating system 12 passes through heat exchanger 26, the heat is transferred to theBraytoncycleWorking?uid?oWingthroughsupercritical carbon dioxide system 14. In an exemplary embodiment, supercriticalcarbondioxideisusedastheBraytoncycle45 Working ?uid ?oWing through supercritical carbon dioxide system 14. The supercritical carbon dioxide ?oWing through supercritical carbon dioxide system 14 has the capability of being heated to a temperature of approximately 1022° F.As thethermalenergyisexchangedfromthemoltensaltofsolar 50 heating system 12 to the supercritical carbon dioxide of supercriticalcarbondioxidesystem14inheatexchanger26, thesupercriticalcarbondioxideisheatedtoatemperatureof approximately1022°F.andapressureofapproximately2876 poundspersquareinch(psi)asitleavesheatexchanger26 55 and?oWsthroughhightemperatureline50.Hightemperature line 50 transports the supercritical carbon dioxide from heat exchanger 26 to turbine 36. Atturbine36,theBraytoncycleWorking?uidisalloWedto expandandreleaseenergy,reducingthetemperatureofthe 60 Brayton cycle Working ?uid to approximately 825° F. and approximately 1146 psi. The energy released during the expansion process in turbine 36 is suf?cient to turn main compressor46,recompressioncompressor48,andgenerator 38onshaft78.Generator38usesthemechanicalenergyfrom 65 turbine 36 to turn a generator Which generates electricity. In an exemplary embodiment, generator 38 generates approxi 40PDF Image | SUPERCRITICAL CO2 TURBINE SOLAR POWER
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