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US 7,670,109B2 12 TURBINE This application is a Continuation of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. ยง 120 to, International Application Number PCT/EP2005/055587, ?led 26 Oct. 2005, and claims priority therethrough to SWiss application number 1807/04, ?led 2 Nov.2004,theentiretiesofbothofWhichareincorporatedby referenceherein. BACKGROUND 1.FieldofEndeavor The invention relates to a turbine of a turbine installation, especially a steam turbine of a steam turbine installation. In addition, the invention relates to a method for the design of a turbine, and also a method for operating a turbine installation Which is equipped With such a turbine. 2.BriefDescriptionoftheRelatedArt On accountofthecontinuingeffortstoWardsimprovement of the e?iciency of modern turbine installations, especially modern steam turbine installations, it appears desirable to increase the process temperature of the turbine installations. An increase of the process temperature especially has an effect on the high-pressure turbine, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, also on the medium-pressure turbine of the turbine installation, Which consequently are exposed to highertemperatures.Thisleadstotemperaturesbeingalready achieved today also in steam turbines in Which a use of conventionalmaterials,especiallyforthebladingofthetur bine,forthe?oW passageWallsandalsofortheturbineshaft, is no longer possible Without temperature reduction mea sures. 25 Another aspect ofthe present invention includes contrib uting toWards increasing the e?iciency of a turbine of a tur bineinstallation,especiallyasteamturbineofasteamturbine installation. According to a further aspect, a cost-effectively producible and e?iciency-optimiZed turbine can be made available,Whichturbineisexposabletoahighinlettempera ture. A turbineWhichisformedtoembodyprinciplesofthe present invention includes at least one radial or diagonal turbinestageWitharadialordiagonalin?oW, asthecasemay be, and an axial out?oW. Axial out?oW is also understood to be an out?oW in Which the ?oW during exit from the blade Wheeloftherelevantturbinestagestilhas,infact,adiagonal ?oW direction, inWhich the ?oW, hoWever, isthen de?ected fromthe?oW passageintotheaxialdirectionbeforethe?oW reachesasubsequentturbinestage.Furthermore,theturbine Which is formed according to the invention includes at least one axial turbine stage With an axial in?oW and an axial out?oW. EachturbinestagehasatleastonebladeWheel.A turbine stage customarily includes a guide Wheel and a blade Wheel WhichisarrangeddoWnstreamoftheguideWheelinthe?oW direction. The in?oW and out?oW directions Within the scope of the inventioncanalsodeviateineachcasebyatoleranceangle fromtheradialordiagonaldirection,asthecasemay be,and fromtheaxialdirection,Wherein,hoWever,theprincipal?oW direction is maintained as such. The atleastone radialordiagonal turbine stageisarranged as the ?rst stage of the turbine, and the at least one axial turbinestageisarrangeddoWnstreamoftheleastoneradialor diagonal turbine stage as an additional stage of the turbine. The at least one radial or diagonal turbine stage in this case is formed so that ithas a higher temperature resistance than the atleastoneaxialturbinestage. Theturbineaccordingtotheinventionispreferablyformed as a high-pressure turbine Which is arranged in a turbine installation directly doWnstream of a combustion chamber or a steam generator of the turbine installation. The turbine Whichisformedaccordingtotheinvention,hoWever,canalso be formed as a medium-pressure turbine or also as a loW pressure turbine, Wherein an intermediate heater is then cus tomarilyarrangedupstreamofthemedium-pressureturbine ortheloW-pressureturbine.One ormore additionalturbines, Whichareformedinaconventionalmanner,canbearranged doWnstream of the turbine Which is formed according to the invention. Since the radial or diagonal turbine stage Which is formed as the ?rst stage of the turbine has a higher temperature resistancethantheatleastoneaxialturbinestage,themaxi mum processtemperatureWhichispresentattheinletintothe turbine during nominal operation of the turbine installation can be higher than that Which might be the case ifthe axial turbinestageWeretoformtheinletturbinestage.Theradialor diagonalturbinestageoftheturbineWhichisconstructed according to the invention is in the position to bring about a highenthalpyconversionWiththeresultthatthetemperature of the through?oW ?uid at the outlet from the radial or diago nalturbinestageisappreciablyloWerthanattheinletintothe radialordiagonalturbinestage.Byonlyoneradialordiago nal turbine stage, therefore, it is possible to loWer the tem peratureofthethrough?oW?uidtoapointWheredoWnstream of the radial or diagonal turbine stage no measures for increasing the temperature resistance of the components of theturbine,especiallytheblades,needtobeadoptedany longerinordertoensurethatamaximum permissiblemate rialtemperatureofthecomponentsofthesubsequentturbine Suchatemperaturereductionmeasure, forexample, canbe tocoolthebladesoftheturbinebymeansofacooling?uid. 35 CoolingofbladesingasturbineshasalreadybeenknoWn for a long time. HoWever, for this purpose, on one hand a cooling ?uid is to be made available in a suitable manner, be itby means of an external supply or by means of a bleed from one ofthecompressorstagesoftheturbineinstallation.Thisleads 40 toadeteriorationoftheoveralle?iciencyoftheturbineinstal lation. Aerodynamic losses are also caused in the case of a ?lm cooling or an effusion cooling of the blades by means of admissionofcooling?uidintothemain?oW oftheturbine. Alternatively,theblades,andpartiallyalsotheshaftsofthe45 turbine,canbeproducedfromhighheat-resistantmaterials, as a result of Which, hoWever, the turbine becomes very expensiveinproduction. In addition to the increase of the process temperature, for themostpart,anincreaseoftheprocesspressureisalso50 sought.By means oftheincreaseoftheprocessparameters there occurs, especially inside the ?rst turbine stages of a high-pressureturbine,onlycomparativelysmallvolumetric ?oWs of the through?oW ?uid Which ?oWs through the tur bine,mostlyairorexhaustgasingasturbines,asthecasemay 55 be, or steam in steam turbines. Smallvolumetric?oWs inturnrequiresmallbladeheights oftheturbinebladesWithsmallbladeaspectratios.Asaresult ofthis,itisoftenverydif?culttodesignsuchturbinebladings Withagoodaerodynamicef?ciency. SUMMARY 60 One ofnumerous aspectsofthepresentinventionincludes aturbineoftheaforementionedtypeWhich,andamethodfor 65 the design of a turbine, by Which the disadvantages of the prior art are reduced or avoided.PDF Image | Turbine 2010
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