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US 7,670,109B2 34 stages isnot exceeded. Such a measure, for example, could be the use of high heat resistant material for the affected com ponents, or a cooling of the components of the respective turbine stage by a cooling ?uid. By the arrangement of the radialordiagonalturbinestageasthe?rststageoftheturbine, one or more measures need to be adopted only for the radial ordiagonalturbinestageinordertoincreasethetemperature resistance in this case. Should the turbine, hoWever, include only axial turbine stages according to a conventional construction, then in this case a plurality of axial turbine stages Would be necessary in order to effect the same enthalpy conversion and, conse quently, the same loWering of the temperature, as this is effectedbytheonlyoneradialordiagonalturbinestage.As a consequence, suitable measures Would also be adopted for this plurality of axial turbine stages in order to increase the temperatureresistanceoftheseaxialturbinestagesinorderto thus prevent a maximum permissible material temperature beingexceeded.A turbine,Whichincludesonlyaxialturbine stages,therefore,issigni?cantlymoreexpensiveinproduc tion When using high heat resistant materials. Ifthe affected components are cooled by a cooling ?uid, then, on the one hand,coolingpassagesaretobeprovidedinthecomponents. On theotherhand,thee?iciencyoftheturbineisimpairedas a result of this. Especially in steam turbines, a construction of the ?rst turbine stage as a radial or diagonal turbine stage also proves to be advantageous for the folloWing reasons. The constant increase of the process pressure leads to small volumetric ?oWsofthethrough?oW?uid.Inthecaseofsmallvolumetric ?oWs, hoWever, the e?iciency of a radial or diagonal turbine stageWhichissuitableforthissmallvolumetric?oW iscom parable to the axial turbine stages Which are suitable for this small volumetric ?oW. In an overall e?iciency balance, the turbineWhichisconstructedaccordingtotheinvention,there fore, is frequently equally as good as, or even better than, a turbineWhichincludesonlyaxialturbinestages. Aspectofthepresentinventioncanbebasicallyappliedto turbines and turbine installations in general. HoWever, some aspectsoftheinventionareespeciallyexpedientlyappliedto a steam turbine of a steam turbine installation. Steam turbine installationscustomarilyhavelargedimensions,asaresultof Which, in the case of a conventional construction of the steam turbine, a signi?cant demand for high heat resistant and, therefore,expensivematerialWouldarisesinceapluralityof axial turbine stages Would have to be produced from this material.On theotherhand, steamturbinesinthepast,asa rule,Weredesignedandoperatedsothatonlycomparatively loW maximum process temperatures occur, atthe same time, hoWever,Withalargevolumetric?oW ofthrough?oW?uid. On accountofthelargevolumetric?oW,theuseofaradialor diagonal turbine stage or a radial or diagonal turbine Was again not feasible. Only by the combined increase of the processtemperatureandtheprocesspressure,andthereduc tionofvolumetric?oW Whichresultsfromit,doestheuseof a radial or diagonal turbine stage in steam turbines become 20 feasiblypossibleandleadstoanimprovementoftheoverall e?iciencyand/ortoloWerproductioncosts,andalsotosteam turbine installations Which are more compact in dimensions. The radial or diagonal turbine stage is expediently pro duced from a ?rst material, and the at least one axial turbine 25 stageisexpedientlyproducedfromasecondmaterial.The ?rst material has a higher temperature resistance than the secondmaterial.Thus,theradialordiagonalturbinestagecan be produced, for example, from a high heat resistant nickel based alloy, While the at least one axial turbine stage can be 30 produced,forexample,fromacustomaryandmorecost effective cast steel or a nickel chrome steel With loWer heat resistance.AsWasalreadyexplainedabove,itistobenotedin thisconnection,hoWever,thatnotallcomponentsofaturbine stagehavetobealWaysproducedfromthehighheatresistant TheturbineWhichisformedaccordingtotheinvention especially advantageously includes just one radial or diago nal turbine stage and at least one axial turbine stage. 50 rial,orisconstructedWithacoatingofaceramicmaterial. Ceramicmaterialsoffertheadvantagethatthecomponentsdo notonlyhaveahigherheatresistancebutthattheceramically constructed or coated components also act in a heat-insulat ingmannerand,therefore,areducedheatyieldintotheshaft, 35 material.Thus,itisoftensu?icienttoproducefromahigh heat resistant material only those components Which are directly exposed to the hot through?oW ?uid, such as the blades and the shaft of the turbine stage. In the case of especially high inlet temperatures of the through?oW?uid,itcanalsobeexpedienttoconnectinseries tWo,orpossiblyevenmore,radialordiagonalturbinestages 40 invention,theradialordiagonalturbinestageisexpediently attheinletintotheturbine.A pluralityofradialordiagonal turbine stages, hoWever, lead again to an increase of the production costs. As a result of this, the ?oW path also becomes constructionally more costly so that a solution With onlyoneradialordiagonalturbinestageistobepreferred.In thecaseofveryhighinlettemperatures,radialturbinestages arebasicallytobepreferredtodiagonalturbinestages,since radial turbine stages once more enable a higher energy con versionincomparisontodiagonalturbinestages. Even if, Within the scope of the present invention, the turbinestageissimplisticallyonlyspokenoffasaWhole,then thosecomponentsoftheturbinestageWhichareexposed directlytothehotthrough?oW?uidareprimarilyaffectedby high temperatures of the through?oW ?uid. These are espe ciallythebladesofaturbinestageandalsooftenthesideWalls of the through?oW passage, i.e., the hub and frequently also thecasingWall.Accordingly,measuresforincreasingthe60 atleastoneaxialturbinestageispreferablyuncooledinthis temperature resistance are primarily also to be applied to these components of a turbine stage. HoWever, it is to be observed in this connection that as a result of thermal con duction even components Which are not exposed to the hot through?oW?uidcanachieveveryhightemperaturesand, therefore,measuresforincreasingthetemperatureresistance alsoneedtobe similarlyadoptedforthesecomponents. case. In an advantageous development of the invention, a stage loadingoftheradialordiagonalturbinestageoftheturbineis selected so that in a nominal operation of the turbine, the 65 through?oW?uidattheinletintotheradialordiagonaltur binestagehasatemperatureWhichishigherthanamaximum permissiblesofteningtemperatureofthematerialoftheaxial In an alternative or even additional development of the constructed With a coating of a high heat resistant material, forexampleanickelbasedalloy.Inthisconnection,hoWever, it must be ensured that the base material, Which is located beneath the coating and Which has a loWer heat resistance, is not overheated as a result of thermal conduction. If appli cable,itcanbenecessaryinthiscasetoadditionallycoolthis materialbyacoolingprovision. Alternatively, or even additionally, the radial or diagonal turbine stage is expediently produced from a ceramic mate 55 forexampleviathebladeroots,takesplace. The at least one axial turbine stage can then be produced from a customary turbine material Without a coating. In an alternative or even additional development of the invention,theradialordiagonalturbinestageiscooled.ThePDF Image | Turbine 2010
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