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US 7,670,109B2 56 turbinestage,andattheoutletoftheradialordiagonalturbine stage has a temperature Which is equal to or less than a maximum permissiblesofteningtemperatureofthematerial of the axial turbine stage. Conversely, this means that the maximum processtemperatureoftheturbineinstallationcan be increased up to a maximum value at Which the above condition is only just ful?lled. Measures for increasing the temperature resistance, therefore, are limited to the radial or diagonalturbinestage. By an arrangement embodying principles of the present invention, of one or more radial or diagonal turbine stages at the turbine inlet, therefore, a possibility is created in a cost effectivemannertosigni?cantlyincreasethemaximum pro cess temperature of the turbine installation. In consideration ofeconomicale?iciency,onlythecomparativelycost-effec tive measures for increasing the temperature resistance of the radial or diagonal turbine stages oppose the increase of e?i ciencyoftheturbineinstallationWhichisachievablebythis. The turbineisexpedientlyconstructedsothatamean outlet diameteroftheradialordiagonalturbinestageisequaltoa mean inletdiameteroftheaxialturbinestageWhichfolloWs theradialordiagonalturbinestage.As aresultofthis,the?oW passagecanbeformeddirectlybetWeentheradialordiagonal turbinestageandtheaxialturbinestage. Inanexpedientembodimentoftheinvention,theradialor diagonalturbinestageandtheatleastoneaxialturbinestage are arranged on a common shaft. Such a common arrange ment of the turbine stages on one shaft, hoWever, is only possibleiftheturbinestagesareoperatedcontinuouslyatthe same speed. 20 25 30 Which is above a maximum permissible softening tempera ture of the material of the axial turbine stage of the turbine. Thethrough?oW?uidisthenexpandedintheradialordiago nal turbine stage of the turbine to a point Where the tempera ture of the through?oW ?uid at the outlet from the radial or diagonal turbine stage is equal to or less than the softening temperature of the material of the axial turbine stage of the turbine. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is subsequently explained in detail With ref erence to several exemplary embodiments Which are illus tratedinthe?gures.InthedraWings: FIG. 1 shoWs a high-pressure turbine of a steam turbine installation, Which turbine isknoWn from the prior art; FIG. 2 shoWs a ?rst turbine Which is constructed according totheinvention; FIG. 3 shoWs a second turbine Which isconstructed accord ingtotheinvention;and FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional vieW of a portion of a Wheel having a coating. Only the elements and components Which are essential for the understanding of the invention are represented in the ?gures. The exemplary embodiments Which are shoWn are to be purely instructively understood and are to serve for a better understanding, hoWever are not be understood as a limitation ofthesubjectoftheinvention. In an embodiment of the invention Which is alternative to this,theradialordiagonalturbinestageisarrangedona?rst shaft and the at least one axial turbine stage is arranged on a second shaft, Wherein the shafts are interconnected via a transmission,preferablyaplanetarytransmission.Infact,35 suchanarrangementoftWo shaftsismorecostlyincompari son to the arrangement of only one shaft; hoWever, different speeds of the turbine stages can be realiZed in this Way. Furthermore,theradialordiagonalturbinestageandtheat leastoneaxialturbinestagearepreferablyarrangedina40 common casing. Inafurtheraspect,theinventionprovidesmethodsforthe designofaturbine.An exemplarymethodaccordingtothe inventionincludesthemethodstepsof,amongothers,arrang ingatleastoneaxialturbinestagedoWnstreamofaradialor 45 diagonal turbine stage, and of constructing the radial or diagonal turbine stage With a higher temperature resistance thantheatleastoneaxialturbinestage.A methodaccording to the invention is especially suitable for the design of a turbineaccordingtotheinventiondescribedabove. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Accordingtoanadvantageousdevelopmentofthemethod, a stage loading of the radial or diagonal turbine stage of the turbine is selected so that in a nominal operation of the tur bine,thethrough?oW?uidattheinletintotheradialordiago nalturbinestagehasatemperatureWhichishigherthana maximum permissiblesofteningtemperatureofthematerial of the axial turbine stage, and at the outlet of the radial or diagonal turbine stage has a temperature Which is equal to or less than a maximum permissible softening temperature of thematerialoftheaxialturbinestageoftheturbine. In a further aspect, the invention provides a method for operatingaturbineinstallation,Whereintheturbineinstalla tion includes a steam generator and a turbine Which is formed accordingtotheinventionandWhichisarrangeddoWnstream ofthesteamgenerator,andheatissuppliedtoathrough?oW ?uid in a combustion chamber or in a steam generator. As a resultofthis,thethrough?oW ?uidisheatedtoatemperature 50 55 60 65 FIG. 1 shoWs a turbine 10 Which is formed as a high pressureturbineofasteamturbineinstallation,Whichturbine isknoWnfromthepriorart.Thethrough?oW?uidinthiscase is steam. The steam Which comes from a steam generator (not shoWn in FIG. 1) is fed radially to the turbine 10 via a live steaminletbranch31.Intheradialin?oW sectionofthelive steaminletbranch31,a?rstguideWheel20LEforstraight eningand/orforpre-sWirlgenerationofthesteam?oW istobe foundhere.The steam?oW isthende?ectedinade?ecting section(intheregionofthe?oW arroW36)fromtheradial ?oW direction(directionofthe?oW arroW35)intoanaxial ?oWdirection(directionofthe?oWarroW37).Onlyafter de?ectionintotheaxial?oW directionhasbeencarriedout, doesthesteam-?oW?oW throughthebladeWheel20LA ofthe ?rstturbinestageand,afterthis,alsothroughthefurtheraxial turbine stages 21-28 of the turbine 10 Which are arranged doWnstream of the ?rst turbine stage. All the turbine stages 21-28, With exception of the ?rst turbine stage 20 (:20LE+ 20LA), are formed as purely axial turbine stages. The ?rst turbine stage 20 in this case is constructed as a combined radial-axial turbine stage, Wherein the guide Wheel 20LE is arrangedintheradialin?oWsectionofthelivesteaminlet branch 31, and the blade Wheel 20LA is arranged in the axially?oW-Washedsectionoftheturbine10Whichisformed as a high-pressure turbine. The energy conversion, therefore, iscarriedoutexclusivelyinthepurelyaxially?oW-Washed section. The level of energy conversion is limited to the same extent as also in axial turbine stages on account of the maxi mum realiZable?oW de?ectioninaxially?oW-Washedblade Wheels. Ifthe steam, Which is fed to the steam turbine, noW has a highorveryhighinlettemperatureWhichisabovetheper missiblesofteningtemperatureofthematerial,forexample cast steel, Which is customarily used for the blading of thePDF Image | Turbine 2010
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