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US 7,670,109B2 9 10 WithameandiameterofDM 1120mm,andabladeWidthof23 mm attheinletand41mm attheoutlet. The guide Wheel ofthe ?rst axial turbine stage 121, Which guide Wheel is arranged downstream of the radial turbine stage 120, can then operate With a typical axial in?ow and a bladeheightofabout60mm, Withanassumedthrough?oW coe?icientofabout0.24.Forthispurpose,theguideWheelof the ?rst axial turbine stage 121 has a mean inlet diameter Whichisequaltothemean outletdiameterofthebladeWheel oftheradialturbinestage120.Therefore,astraightthrough ?oW passage can be realiZed in the region of the transition from the radial turbine stage 120 to the axial turbine stage 121. AsWasexplainedintheprecedingexemplaryembodiment, itispossibletodesignaradialordiagonalturbinestagesothat the latter, at a typical nominal operating state of a steam turbine in Which the steam turbine is charged With steam at a highorveryhighinlettemperature,operatesWithgoode?i ciency. The turbine stage Which is designed in this Way then ensuresinoperationthattheaxialturbinestagesWhichare arranged doWnstream are exposed only to customary, far loWer temperature loads, even ifthe inlet temperature at the inlet into the radial or diagonal turbine stage is appreciably aboveapermissiblesofteningtemperatureofthematerialof theaxialturbinestages. In addition, in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 2, the radial turbine stage 120 can be operated at the same speedastheaxialturbinestages121-125.As aresultof this, itispossible to arrange the radial turbine stage 120 and theaxialturbinestages121-125,asshoWninFIG.2,ona common shaft 130. A continuous, common casing 132 can also be used in this case. IntheexemplaryembodimentWhichisshoWninFIG.3,an inlet temperature of 7000 C. into the turbine 100, Which is constructedasasteamturbine,isassumed.Thisrepresentsa typicalvalueforultra-supercriticalturbines.A temperatureof 565° C. or less is again required at the outlet from the radial turbine stage 120. With the aid of the Cordier diagram, the folloWingparametersresultfromtheserequirements: 20 25 30 35 40 stage120WhichisdesignedinthisWayandWhichoperates With good ef?ciency, then ensures in operation that the axial turbine stages 121-125, Which are arranged doWnstream, are exposedonlytoappreciablyloWertemperatureloads,evenif the inlet temperature at the inlet into the radial turbine stage 120 is very appreciably above a permissible softening tem perature of the material of the axial turbine stages 121-125. The hot Zone boundary 140, upstream ofWhich measures for increasing the temperature resistance have to be adopted, in this case extends betWeen the radial turbine stage 120 and the ?rstaxialturbinestage121. HoWever,theradialturbinestage120andtheaxialturbine stages 121-125 inthisexemplary embodiment aretobe oper ated at different speed so that it is not possible in this case to arrange the radial turbine stage 120 and the axial turbine stages 121-125 on a common shaft. The high speed of the radial turbine stage 120 results from the requirement to achieve a high temperature loWering or a high enthalpy con version,asthecasemaybe,intheradialturbinestage.A high temperatureloWeringorahighenthalpyconversion,asthe casemay be,ispossibleonlyifeithertheradialturbinestage isconstructedtorotatefast,or,alternatively,theradialturbine stagehasaverylargediameter,or,alternatively,theblading of the turbine stage is aerodynamically very highly loaded. The last tWo alternatives are unsuitable in this case since a very large diameter Would require very small blade Widths, and a very high aerodynamic loading of the blades Would result in a poor stage e?iciency. Therefore, it is expedient in this case to alloW the radial turbinestage120torotatefasterthantheaxialturbinestages 121-125.As aresult,theradialturbinestage120 isarranged on one shaft section 130-1, and the axial turbine stages 121 125 are arranged on another shaft section 130-11. In this case, itispossibletoaccommodate the?rstturbinesection,Which includestheradialturbinestage120,asWellasthesecond turbine section, Which includes the axial turbine stages 121 125, on separate shafts, in fact, but hoWever, in a common casing 132 or even in tWo casings Which are separated from each other. The tWo shaft sections 130-1, 130-ll, Which are shoWn in FIG. 3, are interconnected via a transmission, Which is not shoWn in FIG. 3. The shafts, hoWever, can also be intercon nectedviaaplanetarytransmission,Wherein,forexample,the shaft section 130-1 upon Which the radial turbine stage 120 is arranged,andtheshaftsection130-11uponWhichtheaxial turbine stages 121-125 are arranged, are enclosed in the plan etarytransmission. The turbines 100, Which are shoWn in FIGS. 2 and 3, can be arrangedashigh-pressureturbinesofsteamturbineinstalla tions,Whereinasteamgeneratoristhenarrangedupstreamof the fresh air inlet branch 131. The steam turbines, Which are shoWn in FIGS. 2 and 3, hoWever, can also be arranged as medium-pressure turbines of steam turbine installations, Wherein a reheater is then arrangedasaruleupstreamofthefreshairinletbranch. The turbines and turbine installations, Which are described in relation to FIGS. 2 and 3, and also the described method, representexemplaryembodimentsoftheinventionWhichcan easily be modi?ed by a person skilled in the art in a variety of WaysWithoutanyproblem,Withoutabandoningtheinventive idea as a result. Listofdesignations 10 Turbine 20LE GuideWheeloftheradialturbinestage 20LA BladeWheeloftheradialturbinestage 21-28Axialturbinestages 30 Shaft Theradialturbinestage120WhichisdesignedinthisWay createsapressuredropofthesteam?oW from300baratthe inlet into the radial turbine stage to 145 bar at the outlet from theradialturbinestage,i.e.,thepressureratioisatabout2.1. 45 Thetemperatureattheoutletfromtheradialturbinestage120 isatabout5650C.The speedoftheradialturbinestage120is 100HZ,WithameandiameterofDM__1120mm, andablade Widthof13mm attheinletand32mm attheoutlet. TheguideWheelofthe?rstaxialturbinestage121Which 50 is arranged doWnstream of the radial turbine stage 120, With atypicalaxialin?oWandabladeheightofabout100mm, can then operate With an assumed through?oW coe?icient of about0.22.TheguideWheelofthe?rstaxialturbinestage121 hasameaninletdiameterWhichisequaltothemeanoutlet 55 diameter of the blade Wheel of the radial turbine stage 120. Therefore, in the region of the transition from the radial turbine stage 120 to the ?rst axial turbine stage 121, a through?oW passage Which extends straight can be realiZed. HoWever,thespeedoftheaxialturbinestages121-125is60 only50HZ inthiscase,Whilethespeedoftheradialturbine stage 120 is 100 HZ. Thisexemplaryembodiment shoWsthateveninthecaseof a very high inlet temperature at the inlet into the turbine, starting from a typical nominal operating state of a steam turbine, it is possible to provide a radial or diagonal turbine stageastheinletstageofthesteamturbine.Theradialturbine 65PDF Image | Turbine 2010
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