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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 [0015] UnitedStatesPatentApplicationNo.20050069998 for “Procedure for the production of ethanol from lignocel lulosic biomass using a neW heat-tolerant yeast” to Balles terosPerdices,Ignacioetal.utilizestraditionalsteamexplo sion pretreatment in With the combination of cellulase (CELLUCLAST 1.5L,fromNOVO-NORDISK) andbeta .glucosidase(NOVOZYME 188fromtheNOVO-NORD ISK) and culture of the heat-tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus CECT 10875. [0016] US.Pat.No.6,090,595for“Pretreatmentprocess for conversion of cellulose to fuel ethanol” to Foody, et al. utiliZes an improved pretreatment by varying the feedstock With a ratio of arabinoxylan to total nonstarch polysaccha rides (AX/NSP) of greater than about 0.39, or a selectively bred feedstock on the basis ofan increased ratio ofAX/N SP over a starting feedstock material, and reacting at conditions that disrupt the ?ber structure and hydrolyZe a portion of the cellulose and hemicellulose. The pretreatment in every other manner remains traditional Wherein the pretreatment is carried out With a steam explosion or extrusion device duringthereactionstep. [0017] UnitedStatesPatentApplicationNo.20040231661 for “Method of processing lignocellulosic feedstock for enhanced xylose and ethanol production” to Robert Griffin et al. utiliZes multiple steps beginning With leaching a mechanically disrupted lignocellulosic feedstock prior to any pretreatment of the feedstock and ending With reacting saidacidi?edfeedstockunderconditionsWhichdisrupt?ber structure and hydrolyse a portion of hemicellulose and cellulose of said acidi?ed feedstock, to produce a compo sition comprising xylose and a pretreated feedstock. React ingacidi?edfeedstockunderconditionsthatdisruptthe?ber structure are contemplated in the method of the ’661 appli cation and may be performed according to any method knoWn in the art, for example, but not limited to pretreat ment by steam explosion. [0018] US.Pat.No.6,824,599for“Dissolutionandpro cessing of cellulose using ionic liquids” to SWatloski et al. utiliZes a method for dissolving cellulose that comprises admixing cellulose With a molten ionic liquid that is molten at a temperature of about —10 to about 100 degree Celsius and in the substantial absence of Water or a nitrogen con taining base to form an admixture. Furthermore, the ’599 patent discloses a method for dissolving cellulose that comprises the steps of: (a) admixing cellulose With an ionic liquid comprised of cations and anions in the substantial absence of Water to form an admixture, Wherein said ionic liquid is molten at a temperature of about —44 degree C. to about 120 degree C. Wherein said cations contain a single ?ve-membered ring that is free of fusion to other ring structures and said anions are halogen, pseudohalogen, or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 carboxylate; (b) irradiating said admixture With microWave radiation to assist in dissolution. The phrases “substantial absence” and “substantially free” are used synonymously to mean that less than about 5 Weight percent Water is present, for example. More preferably, less than about one percent Water is present in the composition. The same meaning is intended regarding the presence of a nitrogen-containing base. Cellulose can be dissolved With out derivitiZation in high concentration in ionic liquids by heating to about 100 degree C., by heating to about 80 degreeC.inanultrasonicbath,andmoste?fectivelybyusing microWave heating of the samples using a domestic micro Wave oven. Using a microWave heater, itispreferred to heat the admixture of hydrophilic ionic liquid and cellulose to a temperature of about 100 degree to about 150 degree C. MicroWaveheatingsigni?cantlyenhancesthedissolutionof celluloseinionicliquids.MicroWave-induceddissolutionof cellulose in ionic liquids is a very quick process so that decay of the degree of polymerization is reduced. Being a relatively fast process, dissolution is energy ef?cient. Heat ing of the samples is usually required to enable dissolution. The e?fect of that heating may be to permit the ionic liquid solvent to penetrate into the ?ber Wall, Which enables breaking of the ?ber and micro?bril structure and competi tive hydrogen-bonding With encapsulated Water. Ionic liq uids are very ef?ciently heated under microWave conditions. Thus, highly localiZed temperatures can be obtained that promote dissolution of cellulose by disrupting the strong, Water mediated hydrogen-bonding of the natural polymer chains. ItWas found that cellulose Was precipitated from the ionic liquid solution by the addition of Water. When the Water content of the ionic liquid Was greater than about 1 Weightpercent(approximately0.5molefractionH.sub.2O), the solvent properties Were signi?cantly impaired and ?brous cellulose Was found to be no longer soluble. [0019] Theproductionofethanolfromthefermentationof cellulosic materials such as grains is Well knoWn. The process is not ef?cient, but is capable of the production of very large quantities at a fairly reasonable cost. The process has the additional advantage of producing the product Worldwide and shipping itto other markets as necessary. There are tWo signi?cant features of the process: one is the need for heat. The fermentation process requires constant temperatures for the biological activity of enZymes and microorganisms to accomplish the conversion. The second featureistheproductionofcarbondioxide(CO.sub.2)from the fermentation itself, but also from the use of fossil fuels to heat the process. The capture of the CO.sub.2, also hereinafter referred to as “CO2”, is sporadic amongst pro ducers,resultinginanoverallsigni?cantcontributiontothe greenhouse gas pool from the industry. [0020] Theproductsoffermentationareethanolandcar bon dioxide, produced in 1:1 ratio as generally understood by those skilled in the art. [0021] Biomass slurry is hydrolyZed in a fuel ?red hydrolysis heater. When the biomass is fruit Waste, the organic acid in the Waste is used as the hydrolysis catalyst. When the biomass does not contain organic acid, carbon dioxide generated in a fermenter is fed to the hydrolysis heater as carbonic acid to provide the catalyst. [0022] ItisalsoWidelyknoWnintheartthatcatalysts accelerateaWiderangeofchemicalreactions.Suchcatalysts include dilute acid catalysts as selected from the group consisting of H.sub.2 SO.sub.4, HCl, HNO.sub.3, SO.sub.2 or any strong acid Which e?fects pH values beloW about 3, and metal salt catalysts as selected from the group consisting of ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, and magnesium sulfate, Ni/Co, Rh/CeO.sub.2/M, Where M represents SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.20.sub.3 or ZrO.sub.2, Ni catalysts supported on Zeolites (the use of Zeolites as supports inhibited tar forma tion but promoted carbon deposition). [0023] Pre-treatmentiSince 1919, When Beckmann pat ented an alkaline pre-treatment based on impregnation WithPDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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