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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 Yuichi Yoshida, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Baitao Li, and Kimio Kunimori, published in Green Chem., 6, 206-214 (2004). [0041] “Selectiveformationofethylenecarbonatefrom ethylene glycol and carbon dioxide over CeO2-ZrO2 solid solution catalysts” by Keiichi Tomishige, Hiroaki Yasuda, Mohammad Nurunnabi, Baitao Li, and Kimio Kunimori, published in Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 153, 165-168 (2004). [0049] ItisalsoknoWn intheartinthepapertitled“Effect of carbonate solvents on the conductivity and viscosity behaviour of ionic liquid”, by Boor Singh Lalia et al. Department of Applied Physics, G.N.D. University, Amrit sar-143005, India, and Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Research Department, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 305-343, Daejeon, Korea, that the effect of the addition of carbonate solvents, such as propylene carbonate (PC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in an ionic liquid results in a [0042] “Modelingofcarbon-catalyzedgasi?cationof decreaseintheviscosityoftheionicliquidalongWithan organic feedstocks in supercritical Water for energy conver sion” at http://WWW.dieter-ulber.de/ Bachelor Thesis; Dart mouthCollege(1997). [0043] Experimentsofbiomassgasi?cationinsupercriti cal Water yielded a poWer cycle using Wet biomass as a fuel, inWhichtheprocessutilizesbiomass(22Wt% inWater) pumpedupto25MPa inanextruder-feederandheatedup to 6000 C. in a gasi?er. There it is almost completely gasi?ed into a medium heating value gas (15 MJ/kg) after about 30s residence time. The applied catalyst can be different types of charcoal or activated carbon. The ef?ciency of this biomass integrated-supercriticalgasi?er/combinedcycle(BISG/CC) is calculated to be 42%. [0044] “Directsynthesisoforganiccarbonatesfromthe reaction of CO2 With methanol and ethanol over CeO2 catalysts” by Yuichi Yoshida, Yoko Arai, Shigeru Kado, Kimio Kunimori, and Keiichi Tomishige, published in Catal. Today, in press. [0045] Theuseofcarbondioxideasastartingmaterialfor thesynthesisoforganiccompoundshaslongbeenagoalfor chemists. The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to formic acid, methanol and other organic substances is particularly attractive,buthasremaineddif?cult.An ef?cientproduction of formic acid in a supercritical mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen containing a catalytic ruthenium phosphine complex is knoWn in the art. [0046] ItisalsoknoWnintheart,asinUS.Pat.No. 6,875,456, hydrolyzed proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis from a variety of sources are used Widely in the food industry, speci?cally as a means to provide ?avorings. To liberate as many amino acids as possible, the enzymatic route employs complex mixtures of several endo- and exo proteases. [0047] US.Pat.No.6,509,180andUnitedStatesPatent Application No. 20030077771, for “Process for producing ethanol” to Verser, et al. produces ethanol With an acetate, acetic acid or mixtures thereof as an intermediate conversion productfolloWedbytheenzymatichydrolysisofsugarsand amino acids prior to fermentation. The ’180 patent discloses the conversion of amino acids, again only as an intermediate conversionproductintobacterialsinglecellprotein. [0048] ItisfurtherknoWnthatmicroWave-assistedenzy matic digestion is realized as depicted in a paper titled “Protein Preparation and Enzymatic Digestion in Proteom ics” by Wei Sun et al. Another exemplary is depicted in another paper titled “Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal DegradationofSilkProteintoAminoAcids”byArmando T. Quitain et al. at Research Institute for Solvothermal Tech nology, 2217-43 Hayashi, Takamatsu, KagaWa 761-0301, Japan,andDepartmentofEcologicalEngineering,Toyo hashi University of Technology, Tempaku, Toyohashi 441 8580,Japan. increase in conductivity by more than one order of magni tude. [0050] ItisalsoknoWnintheartthationicliquidshaving the presence of Water precipitates cellulose out of solution. The presence of Water in the ionic liquid signi?cantly decreases the solubility of cellulose, presumably through competitive hydrogen-bonding to the cellulose micro?brils Whichinhibitssolubilization.Cellulosecouldbeprecipitated from the IL solution by the addition of Water, or other precipitating solutions including ethanol and acetone. US. Pat. No. 5,846,393 for "Electrochemically-aided biodiges tion of organic materials” to Clarke et al. also discloses the presence of Water in the ionic liquid signi?cantly decreases thesolubilityofcellulose.InthisvieW, apapertitled“A neW category of liquid salt-liquid ionic phosphates (LIPs)” by Robert Engel et al. notes that, unlike ionic liquids bearing tetra?uoroborate of tetrachloroaluminate anions, the LIPs are unreactive toWard Water. Further, the LIPs bearing simple phosphate anions are soluble in Water, unlike their corresponding hexa?uorophosphate salts. [0051] It is also knoWn in the art that a photocatalytic process particularly in combination With photosensitizing ionsincludingphotosensitizingionsselectedfromthegroup obtained from TiO.sub.2, ZnO, zinc, or WO.sub.3 leads to enhanced oxidative reactions. It is further knoWn in the art thattitaniumoxideabsorbsUV rayshavingaWavelengthof about 400 nm or less, to thereby excite electrons thereof. When theresultantelectronsandholesreachthesurfacesof titanium oxide particles, the electrons and holes are com bined With oxygen or Water, thereby generating various radicals. The resultant radicals exert an oxidizing effect to thereby oxidize and decompose substances adsorbed on the surfaces of the particles. Furthermore, TiO2 prepared under calcination at 2000 C. exhibited high photocatalytic activity for degradation of NOx under both ultraviolet (UV) and visible-light illumination. It is also knoWn in the art that titania-supported copper plays a crucial role for promoting the reduction of C02. [0052] Anotherinstancerecognizingthepotentialofpho tocatalytic oxidation is in a paper titled “Aqueous Photo catalytic Oxidation of Lignin and Humic Acids With Sup ported TiO2” by Elina Portjanskaja et al. at Department of Chemical Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn 19086, Estonia, and Department of ChemicalTechnology,LappeenrantaUniversityofTechnol ogy, PO. Box 20, 53851 Lappeenranta, Finland, Where the additionofFe2+ions,upto0.05mM, toaligninsolution lead to a dramatic increase, about 25%, in photocatalytic ef?ciency. [0053] ItisalsoknoWnasnotedinbiobleachingstudies that the use of violuric acid is an effective mediator for laccasecatalyzeddeligi?cationofkraftpulps.violuricacidPDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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