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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 (2,4,5,6(1H,3H)-pyrimidine-tetrone5-oxime,VOH) isoften employed as an analytical reagent for chromatographic separationandforcationoxidation.ItisalsoWidelyusedin pulp bleaching techniques because the process is not very sensitivetotemperatureandpHvariations.VOH canbealso used as an ef?cient electron transfer mediator in oxidation processesalloWingtheincreaseoftheglobalrateofelectron transfer. Upon electrochemical oxidation the mediator vio luric acid forms a radical With a lifetime on the order of several tens of minutes Which oxidizes the lignin. The quality of the deligni?ed pulp is remarkable due to the very high selectivity of the violuric acid radical in the oxidation of lignin over cellulose. [0054] AnotherknoWnmethodintheartisthemethanol synthesis from carbon dioxide With a current ef?ciency of circa 90 by the electrolysis of carbon dioxide-saturated phosphate buffer solution in the presence of formate dehy drogenase and methanol dehydrogenase as electrocatalysts and pyrroloquinoline quinone as an electron relay. [0055] AnInternetlinkathttp://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/ 83/8340scil.html?printnotesScience& Technology,Oct.3, 2005, Volume 83, Number 40, pp. 36-39, ACS Meeting NeWs titled“Green Polymer Field Blossoming” discloses a clean solvent supercritical carbon dioxide and a natural catalyst, that is, an enZyme, makes unusual block copoly mers. The composites consist of poly(lactic acid), derived from cornstarch, grafted onto cellulosic nanoWhisker ?llers produced by acid hydrolysis of cellulose. “Our approach uses reactive groups on the surface of the nanocellulosics to initiatethepolymeriZationreactionoflactide,”Dorgan said. Dorgan’s group has shoWn that ecobioanocomposites pre paredfrompoly(lacticacid)andmicrocrystallinecellulose ?llershavehigherglass-transitiontemperatures. [0056] ApretreatmentprocessknoWnintheartisdepicted in the paper “Pretreatment for Cellulose Hydrolysis by Carbon Dioxide Explosion”, by YiZhou Zheng et al. at the Laboratory of ReneWable Resources Engineering, 1295 Pot ter Engineering Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 47906, Accepted Sep. 21, 1998. Zheng et al. uses an explosive release of the carbon dioxide pressure to disrupt the cellulosic structure as a means of increasing the acces sible surface area of the cellulosic substrate to enZymatic hydrolysis.Resultsindicatedthatsupercriticalcarbondiox ideiseffectiveforpretreatmentofcellulose.An increasein pressure facilitates the faster penetration of carbon dioxide molecules into the crystalline structures, thus more glucose is produced from cellulosic materials after the explosion as compared to those Without the pretreatment. This explosion pretreatment enhances the rate of cellulosic material hydrolysis as Well as increases glucose yield by as much as 50%. [0058] All cited references, including patent and non patent literature, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. [0059] Theartlacksahighenergyef?ciencybiomassfuel conversion solution With the additional inherent features of carbon dioxide sequestration by integrating a supercritical carbondioxidehybridabsorptionheatpump Withintegral poWer generating thermodynamic cycle. SUMMARY [0060] Abiomasstobiofuelasastandaloneplantandyet further integrated With a biomass to biodiesel plant process method having superior energy balance and higher value added co-products is provided. The process preferably uses an integrated carbon dioxide absorption heat pump and poWer generation cycle that utiliZes a liquid, non-toxic absorbent such as ionic liquids, from Which the carbon dioxide gas is absorbed, that further enhances the biomass hydrolysis process. The further incorporation of enhanced proteinhydrolysisWiththefurtheradvantageofdebittering free amino acids and peptides provides for higher value addedco-productsratherthanthetraditionalanimalfeed byproduct. [0061] Inoneembodiment,thepresentinventionisan ionic liquid hybrid solution utiliZed Within thermal energy transformation devices. The devices use a solution com prised of ionic liquids that is an effective thermal transport media. [0062] Additional combinations of refrigerants and absorbers are recogniZed in the art as having partial misci bility.A furtheraspectoftheinventionistheachievementof phase separation as a function of at least one function selected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, and pH. The preferred solution further includes the utiliZa tion of small variations in pH to vary solubility of the refrigerant Within the absorber. The more preferred solution varies temperature and pressure, in combination With pH control,usingmethodsincludingelectrodialysis.Additional methods to enable phase separation include the application of electrostatic ?elds, as electrostatic ?elds increase solu bility of ionic ?uids. [0063] Oneaspectoftheinventionistointegratean absorption heat pump With integral poWer extraction capa bilities to a standard biomass pretreatment process. [0064] The?guresdepictedWithinthespeci?cationpro vide exemplary con?gurations of the most important com ponents of the biomass conversion system. A detailed description of the ?gures is provided in the folloWing paragraphs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0066] FIG. 2 is a process How chart vieW depicting anotherexemplaryseriesofstepsfrombiomasspretreatment to microchannel injection of supercritical Water through carbon dioxide sequestration. [0057] UnitedStatesPatentApplicationNo.20060211096 for “EnZyme catalysis in the presence of ionic liquids” to Kragl, Udo et al. discloses a method for the conversion of substances in the presence of enZymes as a catalyst in a reaction medium comprising at least one ionic liquid, Wherein the enZyme is selected from the group consisting of oxidoreductases,lipases,galactosidases,glycosidases, [0067] FIG.3isaprocessHowchartvieWdepictingan lyases and enZymes in EC class 6. It conclusively demon strated that the presence of ionic liquids increases the yield above 55% When using lactose as an inexpensive donor. exemplary series of steps integrating both thermal means and photocatalytic exposure leveraging the additional solar alternative energy. [0065] FIG.1isaprocessHowchartvieWdepictingan exemplaryseriesofstepsfrombiomasspretreatmentprocess to energy generation.PDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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