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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 [0068] FIG.4isaAprocess?oWchartvieWdepictingan exemplary integration of supercritical carbon dioxide absorptionheatpump systemWithsupercriticalpretreatment ofbiomass. [0069] FIG.5isaAprocess?oWchartvieWdepicting another exemplary direct integration of binary solution of supercritical carbon dioxide and ionic liquids biomass pre treatment. [0070] FIG.6isaAprocess?oWchartvieWdepictingthe direct integration of a biomass to biofuel With a biomass to biodiesel. [0071] FIG.7isaAprocess?oWchartvieWdepictingthe direct integration of biomass to biofuel pretreatment step With an absorption heat pump having poWer generation capabilities. [0072] FIG.8isanovervieWoftheinputsandoutputsof the biomass to biofuel conversion process. [0073] FIG.9isaprocess?oWchartvieWdepictingan alternative distillation process for dehydration of biofuel by operating the distillation process as a binary solution Organic Rankine poWer generation thermodynamic cycle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0074] Theterm“thermodynamiccycle”isde?nedasa process in Which a Working ?uid undergoes a series of state changes and ?nally returns to its initial state. [0075] The term “solar energy” is de?ned as energy derived from the sun, Which most often refers to the direct conversion of radiated photons into electrons or phonons through a Wide range of means. Solar energy is also indi rectly converted into additional energy forms such as the heatingofgroundWater(a.k.a.geothermalWater). [0076] Theterm“ionicliquids”“ILs”isde?nedasliquids thatarehighlysolvating,non-coordinatingmedium inWhich a variety of organic and inorganic solutes are able to dissolve. They are e?‘ective solvents for a variety of com pounds, and their lack of a measurable vapour pressure makes them a desirable substitute for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Ionic liquids are attractive solvents as theyarenon-volatile,non-?ammable,haveahighthermal stability, and are relatively inexpensive to manufacture. The key point about ionic liquids is that they are liquid salts, Which means they consist of a salt that exists in the liquid phaseandhavetobemanufactured;theyarenotsimplysalts dissolved in liquid. Usually one or both of the ions is particularly large and the cation has a loW degree of sym metry. These factors result in ionic liquids having a reduced lattice energy and hence loWer melting points. [0077] Theterm“thermaltolerant”referstotheproperty ofWithstandingpartialorcompleteinactivationbyheatand can also be described as thermal resistance or thermal stability. [0078] Theterm“pressuretrain”referstoindependent pressure Zones are alternatively produced by the utiliZation of?oW controldevices.One suchdeviceisapressurerelief valve. The utiliZation of a series of pressure relief valves, such that the cracking pressure is set incrementally to increase from the ?rst pressure relief valve to the last With incrementalincreasesforeachpressurereliefvalveisan e?‘ective Way to prevent back?oW and to inherently control means to increase Working ?uid vapor state. The aggregate oftheseriesofpressurereliefvalvesWithinaheatexchanger is hereinafter referred to as a “pressure train” heat exchanger. Thus the pressure reliefvalve creates e?‘ectively independent Zones Within the pressure train. There are numerous methods knoWn in the art to achieve precise and/or relative pressure control. [0079] The term “heat pumps” refers to a device for delivering heat or cooling to a system, Whereas a refrigerator is a device for removing heat from a system. Thus, a refrigeratormaybeconsideredatypeofheatpump. Throughout the application, reference Will be made to a thermalenergytransformationdevice,hereinafterreferredto as “TED” With the understanding that the designation of refrigerator, air conditioner, compressor, Water heater, tri generation, and cogeneration could be substituted Without changingtheoperationofthedevice,speci?callyTEDs that utiliZe supercritical and transcritical ?uids. [0080] Inabsorptionheatpumps,anabsorbent,suchas Water, absorbs the refrigerant, typically ammonia, thus gen eratingheat.When thecombined solutionispressurizedand heatedfurther,therefrigerantisexpelled.When therefrig erant is pre-cooled and expanded to a loW pressure, it provides cooling. The loW-pressure refrigerant isthen com bined With the loW-pressure depleted solution to complete thecycle. [0081] Ionicliquidsandsolidsarerecognizedintheartof environmentally friendly solvents. Ionic liquids “IL” have very loW ifnot negligible vapor pressure and are preferably selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids compat ible With supercritical carbon dioxide “scCO2”. The inven tive combination of scCO2 and ILs have excellent carbon dioxide solubility and simple phase separation due to their classi?cation as partially miscible ?uid combinations. Par tiallymiscible?uidsarebothmiscibleandimmiscibleasa directfunctionofbothpressureandtemperature.A partially miscible ?uid in its immiscible state can be simply decanted for phase separation, Which is inherently a loW energy separation method. The phase behavior of CO.sub.2 With ionic liquids and hoW the solubility of the gas in the liquid isin?uencedbythechoiceandstructureofthecationandthe amon. [0082] Theterm“electride”isde?nedasbeinglikealka lides except that the anion is presumed to be simply an electron Which is localiZed to a region of the crystal betWeen the complexed cations. [0083] Theterm“supercritical”isde?nedasthepointat Which ?uids have been exploited above their critical tem peratures and pressures. [0084] Theterm“heatpump”isde?nedasthetransportof thermal energy extracted from a heat source to a heat sink by means including vapor compression, absorption, and adsorption. [0085] Theterm“electronacceptor”isacompoundthat receives or accepts an electron during cellular respiration. The process starts With the transfer of an electron from an electron donor. During this process (electron transport chain), the electron acceptor is reduced and the electron donor is oxidiZed. Examples of acceptors include oxygen,PDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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