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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 lytically or enZymatically converted to a Wide range of combustiblefuels,andtheintegralfunctionalityofthehigh ScCO2 absorption enabling high e?iciency poWer conver sion. The absorption poWer generation cycle can be either theprimaryenergygenerationcycle,abottomcycletoother poWergenerationthermodynamiccyclesprincipallyincreas ing the energy e?iciency of the primary poWer generation cyclethroughenergyrecovery,amulti-e?ectabsorptionheat pump cycle, or incorporated into virtually any thermody namic cycle driven by a thermal source. [0094] The desorption “thermal generator”40 stage is another net consumer of energy. The energy consumption (i.e., desorption temperature) can be decreased by means including the spinning disk reactor as a means of increasing the rate of heat transfer into/out of the biomass solution thus accelerating the absorption/desorption rate (thermally lim itedrates).Furthermeans ofincreasingthehigh-sidepres sure include the utiliZation of a thermal-hydraulic compres sor including a pressure train heat exchanger, a series of independent pressure stages having staggered or pulsed ?oW, hydraulic pump having an integral thermal sink, or combinations thereof. The biomass solution is desorbed at higher e?iciencies by utiliZing the combination of at least one thermal method and at least one non-thermal method including non-thermal methods selected from the group consistingofmagneticrefrigeration,vaporcompressionheat pump condenser, solar activated direct spectrum light absorption, electrodialysis, electrostatic ?elds, membrane separation,electrodesorption,pervaporation,gascentrifuge, vortex tube CO2-liquid absorber, decanting, or combina tions thereof. The utiliZation of ?uids in combination With the biomass solution having regions ranging from miscibil ity, partial miscibility, or immiscibility enable high e?i ciency phase separation to be achieved by the varying operatingparametersincludingatleastonefunctionselected from the group consisting of temperature, pressure, and pH. [0095] Pretreatmentofcelluloseasameanstoyieldglu cose is Well established in the art, predominantly utiliZing the energy intensive step of steam explosion. The inventive utiliZation of processing the biomass into an ionic liquid enables a signi?cant reduction in thermal energy and a lowering of the reaction temperature requirements. The subsequent raising of the pressure of the biomass and ionic liquid slurry is achieved through mechanical means. The resulting intermediate pressure biomass solution is prefer ably Where the intermediate pressure is equivalent to the integralabsorptioncycleloW-pressurestage(i.e.,absorber presure). [0096] Anotherparticularlypreferredembodimentisfur ther comprised of microWave irradiation to increase the hydrolysis rate by a minimum of 10%. A speci?cally pre ferred embodiment immobiliZes the enZymes Within the Working ?uid by taking advantage of the ionic liquid’s superior and speci?c absorption of microWave irradiation suchthattheenZymatichydrolysisisenhancedbyachieving a localiZed active catalytic center resulting in a reduction in the hydrolysis temperature of at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit loWer than the pretreatment process void of microWave irradiation. The net result is reduced damage to proteins by thermal denaturing. [0097] Whenthepretreatmentbiomassconversionprocess is either enZymatic or requires a temperature increase beyond the temperature at Which proteins denature or enZymes losetheiractivity,thefurtherinclusionoftrehalose enhances the e?‘ective enZyme lifetime and limits protein denaturing. Numerous distinct advantages are present When the conversion of biomass to fuel is preferably achieved using catalytic reactions, With the preferred catalysts selected from the group consisting of sub-micron catalysts, sub-micron electrocatalysts, or sub-micron photocatalysts Where sub-micron and nanoscale are used interchangeably. ItisknoWn inthecatalyticreactionartthathighsurfacearea nanoscale (i.e., sub-micron crystallite particle siZe) and either photon or electron activation accelerates the reaction chemistry leading to both higher energy e?iciency and decreased capital amortization costs. The distinct combined advantages realiZed by the preferred solubiliZing ?uid, the integration of the absorption heat pump for loW energy requirement to achieve supercritical pressures, the integra tion of energy extraction to transform enthalpy into a useful co-product of electricity, and high mass transfer of super critical reactions yield superior conversion of biomass to a Widerangeofresultingproductsfromnanocompositepoly mers to biofuels. [0098] ReferringtoFIG.3isanotherembodimentofthe pretreatment process Where the particularly preferred reac tion includes a photocatalytic process step 240 to further modifythebiomassbyproductsthroughthestepofsplitting hydrogen from the biomass solution, With a subsequent step of separating the hydrogen gas 250 by means knoWn in the art.A speci?callypreferredmethodofprocessingthesuper critical biomass solution 10 is further comprised of process stepstoheatthebiomasssolutionbysolarmeans.A superior method is to utiliZe both supercritical solar ?at panels 220 or supercritical solar concentrator receivers 230, Whereby the optimal performance is achieved by con?guring the solar devicesinasequential?oW ?rstintothesupercriticalsolar ?at panels and then into supercritical solar concentrator receivers as a means of minimiZing capital cost and oper ating thermal losses. [0099] Theprincipalmotivationforbiomasstobiofuel conversions, in other Words the production of alternative energy fuels, is the reduction of global Warming gases. The creationofglobalWarminggasesislargelyin?uencedandis a function of the energy balance associated With the pro duction process. Thus, the further inclusion and direct inte gration of an absorption heat pump having at least one Working ?uid component in ?uid communication With the pretreatment process enables a reduction in energy con sumption throughout the biomass conversion process and most notably in the energy intensive pretreatment process. The further bene?t of the integration of the absorption heat pump istheloWenergyproductionofsupercriticalgases, particularlyCO2 asabsorbedintoaWiderangeofrefrigerant absorbents including glycolic acid, alcohols, amyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, lLs, LlPs, and PlLs. The reduced energy requirement is attributed to the reduced electrical require ment of “compressing” a liquid as compared to compressing a gas. [0100] ThecombinedloWenergyprocessresultsinan increased biomass surface area to accelerate the hydrolyZ ing, oxidiZing, and/or reducing reactions of the biomass solution. The supercritical gas (i.e., absorption heat pump refrigerant)isoptionallyfurtherintegratedintothebiomass conversion process as a means of reducing the moisturePDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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