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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 content that is naturally present in biomass to limit the prematureprecipitationofcelluloseandhemicellulosefrom the pretreatment Working ?uid. The supercritical gas, most notablyCO2,isthensubsequentlydehydratedintoglycerine orglycerol(Working?uidcomponentA1,Whichisabyprod uct of the biomass to biodiesel conversion process). This dehydration process is signi?cantly less energy intensive than traditional drying means of biomass, With the preferred moisture/Watercontentoflessthan2% onaWeightbasisof theWorking?uid.Themoisturesaturatedglycerine/glycerol isregeneratedbyatleastinpartutilizingtherecoveredWaste heat from at least one Working ?uid A2 (Which in this example is supercritical CO2) component in ?uid commu nication With both the biomass to biofuel conversion process and biomass to biodiesel conversion processes. [0101] ReferringtoFIG.6isanembodimenthavingtrue integration of a biomass to biofuel With a biomass to biodiesel conversion process. The biofuel process is char acterizedasbeingcomprisedofasupercriticalCO2 strong solution 600 that is desorbed, preferentially from an absorp tion heat pump, and dehydrated 601 by the infusion of the hydratedScCO2 intothebyproductglycerine/glycerolfrom the biodiesel process. This transforms the high moisture biomass 602 into a reduced moisture content biomass solu tion 603 having increased compatibility With the aforemen tioned solubilizing ?uid. The ScCO2 further contains lipids and extracts from biomass that are processed via an isola tion/extractionprocess 619 asknoWn intheartyieldinghigh value add co-products 618 and lipids 625 utilized Within the biodiesel process to be esteri?ed 626 into biodiesel 627. The hydrated glycerine/glycerol 620 can either be regenerated for reuse or is pyrolized/gasi?ed 621 into either syngas or further catalytically processed 628 to additional value add co-products. This pyrolysis/gasi?cation stage 621 creates signi?cant Waste heat that can be recovered for multiple purposes via heat recovery system 629 including input thermal energy to the biomass to biofuel conversion process or the production of electricity 622, preferably via the aforementioned absorption heat pump/poWer generating cycle as thermal input into the generator/desorber. The electricity produced 622 is optimally utilized for various electrochemical processes and/or creating microWave irra diation 623 as a means of increasing the rate of hydrolysis Within the aforementioned hydrolysis process. Furthering the biofuel conversion process is the isolation of the solu bilizing?uid,preferentiallycomprisedofionicliquidsolu tion 604 having immobilized enzymes 605. The pretreat ment process of hydrolysis continues until such time as an aqueous solution 612, preferentially further comprised of electron transfer mediators, etc., is mixed via a process intensi?cation mixer 606 creating a hydrated ionic liquid solution 607 yielding isolated extracts 613. The Water com ponentofthehydratedsolubilizing?uidcreating“desorbed” high pressure steam 609 Which in turn produces additional electricity 610 again producing Waste heat 611 that is utilizedWithintheaforementionedAPEX and/orabsorption heatpump cycles.Additionally,asaresultofthedesorbtion of Water from the solubilizing ?uid is the desorbtion of ScCO2 thatistransformedintoco-productsviaeithera catalytic reaction process 614 or is a feedstock to a subse quent fermentation/enzymatic process 614. The fermenta tion/enzymatic process 614 yields additional CO2 Which is absorbed into the solubilizing ?uid (in the Weak solution state) 615. The noW strong solution is electrochemically reduced 616 creating methane/methanol 617, Wherein the electrochemical process is driven off the generated electric ity610. [0102] ReferringtoFIG.8istheoverallraWmaterial inputsandresultingproductsandco-productsbyimplement ing the aforementioned integrated biofuel and biodiesel processes, Which is referred to as the AlterVia process 710. A cellulosicbiomass700oragriculturalproducts705(most notably products With a signi?cant protein content) are raW material inputs. The ?rst direct output is biodiesel 720 With its byproduct of glycerine 715 that is utilized as an input on the biofuel process side as characterized earlier. The second direct output is a biofuel including ethanol or butanol 725 WithitsbyproductofC02 730thatisfurtherprocessedby electrochemical reduction into methanol 735 and becomes an input on the biodiesel process side as characterized earlier.Additionalco-productsincludeisolatedextractssuch as vitamins and plant extracts 740, protein hydrolysates and amino acids/peptides 745, antioxidants and polyphenols 750. The further byproducts of Waste heat are transformed into electricity 755, preferably by the aforementioned absorption heat pump/poWer generator. And lastly, the cel lulosic?bersprocessedbytheearliercharacterizedpretreat ment process and microchannel precipitation process results in cellulosic nanoWhiskers that are further processed into nanocomposites 760. [0103] SecondaryE?iciencyGainsiThesubsequentinfu sionofcarbondioxide,especiallysupercriticalcarbondiox ide “ScCO2”, has the secondary bene?t of enhancing the biomass hydrolysis process. The preferred biomass solution ispressurizedtoapressureinexcessof600psia.A particu larly preferred biomass solution is pressurized in excess of the supercritical pressure of carbon dioxide of 1073 psia, such that the biomass solution is Within the supercritical region. The bene?ts of operating Within the supercritical range has many signi?cant bene?ts as knoWn in the art includingreducedsurfacetension,thusenablingthefurther utilization of microchannel heat exchangers, microchannel reactors, and the high reactivity of supercritical ?uids for both catalytic and enzymatic chemical transformations. A sourceofcarbondioxide,asafurthermeans ofreducingthe carbon dioxide greenhouse effect, is the integration of the fermentationbyproductofcarbondioxidebeingabsorbedby the ionic liquid. It is further anticipated to incorporate the high e?iciency biomass conversion system into alternative biomass to fuel conversion methods; additional poWer gen eration,industrialprocesses,Wastetreatmentplants,oraddi tional facilities that produce either Waste heat or carbon dioxide. Therefore the ine?iciencies and byproducts of one cyclearethusleveragedintotheadjoiningcycleproviding realeconomicandgreenhousebene?tsbeyondtheoperation ofeithersinglecyclesystem. [0104] A particularlypreferredabsorptionheatpump is further comprised of a poWer generation cycle to produce electricity utilized for at least one function selected from the group consisting of microWave irradiation, electrochemical reduction, and electrolysis. The direct integration of the poWergeneratingcyclehasthemeanstoreducethecostof electricity required to implement a series of critical process steps to enhance the biomass conversion process While also producing Waste heat recovered from the bottom cycle, Which becomes in ?uid communication With the biomass pretreatment process.PDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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