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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 [0105] Anotherbene?tofintegratingtherapidexpansion pretreatment process having an expanded gas and a poWer generatingthermodynamiccycle,Whereintheexpandedgas from the pretreatment process is in ?uid communication With the condenser of the poWer generating thermodynamic cycle,isincreasingthethermodynamiccyclee?iciencyof streamsofpretreatedslurry525andexplosionWorking?uid boththebiomasspretreatmentprocessandthepoWergen erating thermodynamic cycle. The expanded gas increases thetemperature differentialWithinthethermodynamic cycle, thus enabling a higher Carnot e?iciency. The energy recov ery process is further comprised of a Waste heat recovery device to recover thermal energy from the condenser of the poWergeneratingthermodynamiccycleWherebythermal requiringactivecoolingcondenser575(thustheevaporator energy is further increased by the heat of absorption by the subsequent mixing of the expanded gas into at least one absorbent prior to recombining With biomass solution. The temperatureliftachievedbytheheatofabsorptionincreases the “quality” of the Working ?uid such that the thermal energy is utiliZe, at least in part, as a preheating stage. The Waste heat is utiliZed for at least one function selected from the group consisting of preheating the inputs of the rapid expansion pretreatment process, thermal hydraulic pump, and inputs of an absorption heat pump as a means of increasing ?uid pressure. [0106] YetanotherembodimentistheutiliZationofa Waste heat recovery device to recover thermal energy from thecondenserofthepoWergeneratingthermodynamiccycle in ?uid communication With the biomass solution and Wherein the thermal energy is utiliZed as at least a partial thermal energy source Within an endothermic reaction. The utiliZation of loW “quality” Waste heat as a ?rst stage preheat in an endothermic reaction (such as glucose pyrolysis) increases the combined cycle energy efficiency. [0107] Anotherembodimentleveragestheadvantagesof directintegrationofanenergyextractiondevice330capable binary ?uids concurrently Within the biomass pretreatment process and poWer generating cycle. Binary ?uids achieve superior energy e?iciency Within Organic Rankine cycles, While the same binary ?uids increase the hydrolysis rate Within the biomass pretreatment process. Thus the poWer generating thermodynamic cycle is comprised of a Working ?uidhavingatleasta?rstWorking?uidW1 andasecond Working?uidW2. Exemplarycombinationsforbinary?uids are selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, ammonia, methanol, ethanol, butanol, and Water. Particu larly preferred combinations are CO2 and NH4, CO2 and methanol, CO2 and ethanol, or CO2 and butanol. The preferred thermodynamic cycles in Which the bene?ts Will berealiZedincludecyclesselectedfromthegroupconsisting ofGosWami,Uehara,Kalina,Rankine,Carnot,Joule-Bray ton, Ericsson, and Stirling cycles. The preferred cycles are combinationcyclesinWhichthebiomassconversionsystem leveragesbothWasteheatandsynergisticutiliZationofionic liquids from any single thermodynamic cycle into a hybrid high e?iciency thermodynamic cycle. A particularly pre ferred operating mode for the poWer generating thermody namic cycle is selected from the group consisting of binary Organic Rankine, GosWami, Kalina, and Carnot cycles. The result is maximum poWer generation, overall energy e?i ciency,andreducedCO2 emissions. of handling the high solids content While concurrently extractingenergyduringtherapidexpansionstage.Another improvement is the utiliZation of a pressure exchanger 515 folloWingthe?ltration/separationmembrane 60Whereinthe solids are further process by a post pretreatment process 570, such that pressure is recovered from the pretreatment pro cess With the non-pretreated biomass 300 to complete the cycle. [0109] Anothersigni?cantuseofelectricityistheconver sion of the biomass conversion process byproduct of CO2 fromthefermentation(orevengasi?cation/pyrolysis)steps. TheCO2 byproductWithH2O iselectrochemicallyreduced into methanol, Which is then subsequently utiliZed as an inputinthepreferentiallyintegratedbiodieselesteri?cation process.ThisreductionreactionisbestachievedWithinlLs, PlLs, and/or LlPs due to the signi?cant electrical conduc tivity in combination With the high CO2 absorption. A further means of increasing the electrical conductivity and decreasingtheWorking?uidviscosityisbyaddingcarbon ate solvents including propylene carbonate “PC” and dim ethyl carbonate “DMC”. Alternatively, the absorbed CO2 can be further processed by means including reactions of polymeriZing carbon dioxide or carbonate synthesis as an energy effective means of sequestering C02. [0110] The high electrical (and thermal conductivity [0108] ReferringtoFIG.7,isanotherembodimentthat Whichenhancesheattransfer)conductivitymakesthebio depicts a signi?cant reduction of energy requirements beyond the improved ammonia ?ber explosion “APEX” process. The improved AFEX process is characterized as mass solution superior for a Wide range of chemical reac tions particularly those enhanced by electrochemical, elec trolysis, electrocatalytic, or photocatalytic process steps. folloWs: Biomass 300 enters the pretreatment process 310 after being infused With thermal energy from an external source both Within the pretreatment stage 310 from heat source 555 and With the explosion column 520 from heat source 560. The biomass solution is separated into tWo 530(WhichispredominantlyammoniaintheAFEX pro cess). The explosion Working ?uid 530 is subsequent infused With Water 540 and mixed 535, Which triggers the creation of thermal energy from the heat of absorption. The AFEX process then sequentially goes through tWo condensers, With the ?rst being a traditional cooling toWer 545 and the second of a chiller) so that the combined Water and ammonia solutions returns to a liquid requiring less energy to pump 550 the liquid, rather than compress a gas. A preferred embodiment integrates an absorption heat pump/poWer gen erating cycle as characterized by generator/desorber stage 380 With subsequent heat recovery 390 that preheats the strong solution entering the generator, the subsequent expan sion of the desorbed Working ?uid (preferably ScCO2 or supercritical ammonia) With integral energy extraction device 70 producing a loW temperature expanded gas (i.e., producing cooling) in the evaporator 510. The particularly preferredembodimentintegratestheAFEX andabsorption heat pump having ?uid communications at various points. The ?rst improvement is such that Waste heat is recovered from condenser 545 that is utiliZed at least as part of the preheat 565 utiliZed prior to the heat source 360 (if even necessary dependent on desorption temperature). The sec ond improvement is such that the cooling produced by the absorptionheatpump made availabletoAFEX viaevapo rator 510 displaces the otherWise requirement for mechani cal active cooling equipment. The third improvement is thePDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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