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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 ing means of polymerizing carbon dioxide or carbonate synthesis. Utilizing the desorbed carbon dioxide, Which remainsahigh-pressureheattransfer?uid,continuestohave relatively loW surface tension enabling chemical reactions to take place Within a microreactor. [0118] SupercriticalWorkingFluidsiYetanotherfeature of the biomass conversion system is the utilization of binary andeventernarysolutions,recognizedintheart,havingthe ability to enter into regions Whereby the solution compo nents vary from miscible, partially miscible, to immiscible range. These variations enable loW energy methods of separating the solution Within the immiscible range by simply decanting, centrifuging, or otherWise isolating the immiscible ?uid components. Methods of transitioning betWeen the miscible to immiscible range are accomplished by varying at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of pressure and temperature. Thus the ScCO2, Which is the preferred heat transfer ?uid is isolated from the biomass solution, for utilization Within the thermodynamic cycle as a means of producing heating, cooling, poWer, or combinations thereof With the inventive integration of the biomass conversion process With a ScCO2 absorption heat pump system.A preferredWorking?uidfortheabsorption thermodynamiccycleisanionicliquid,thoughanintegrated bottomcyclingabsorption/desorptioncycleise?iciently performed utilizing binary ?uids comprised of at least materials selected from the group consisting of organic liquids,alcohols,ammonia,Water,carbondioxide,lithium chloride/bromide or combinations thereof. [0119] Aparticularlypreferredbinary?uidsaresupercriti cal ?uids. The maximum pressure of the supercritical bio mass solution is signi?cantly in excess of 600 psia. The high side pressure is a minimum of 1400 psia When the binary composition is isobutyl acetate or amyl acetate. The spe ci?cally preferred pressure is up to 5,000 psia for ionic liquids that have thermal stability up to 450 degrees Celsius. [0120] ReferringtoFIG.2,thefurtherinclusionofWater 120, especially When operating at a maximum pressure in excess of the supercritical pressure required for Water, enables the additional bene?t of enhanced conversion rate into fuels. Thus a speci?cally preferred biomass solution 10 is comprised of at least ?uids selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids, carbon dioxide, and Water. A preferred implementation mode is the mixing of the super critical carbon dioxide, ionic liquid, and biomass With the supercritical Water Within a microchannel heat exchanger 130. The utilization of the microchannel heat exchanger generally minimizes the particle size of the precipitated cellulose to less than about 10 microns. Reaction products arethenoptionallyseparatedimmediatelyfolloWingmicro channel reactor by separation methods knoWn in the art 60. Another subsequent separation process occurs post the ?rst stage of energy extraction 70, Which then further goes through an energy extraction 70 that in this instance is ideally a pressure exchanger. The desorbed ScCO2 is sequestered 160 and further processed in a preferred embodiment into a high value added co-product by being chemically transformed Within a high throughput micro channel mixer/reactor (a.k.a. process intensi?cation mixer/ reactor) 170. Alternatively or immediately prior to the microchannelheatexchangeristhemixingofthesupercriti cal carbon dioxide, ionic liquid, and biomass With the supercritical Water by hydrodynamic cavitation, Which also hasthebene?tofintimatemixingvirtuallyinstantaneously. [0121] Absorption Cycle lntegrationiSolubilizing the biomass at a temperature not exceeding 60 degrees Celsius enables the absorber to be “cooled” by the ambient tem perature biomass as a means of increasing the e?iciency from the loW-temperature and loW-pressure side of the absorption system. Creating said multiple stage e?fect absorption systems, as knoWn in the art, further enhances boththeabsorptionheatpump e?iciencyandthebiomassto fuel conversion process. [0122] Thefurtherintegrationoftheabsorptioncycleand the biomass solution pretreatment process enables the expansion of the biomass solution to not only achieve rapid cooling for the subsequent quenching of the hydrolysis reaction,butalsotheconcurrentextractionofenergy(Which can be either mechanical or electrical through methods knoWn in the art of poWer generation). The solution is rapidly quenched by at least one process step selected from the group consisting of the sequential processing of hydro dynamic cavitation and expansion of the supercritical bio mass solution, sequential expansion of the supercritical biomass solution to beloW Water’s supercritical pressure folloWed by the step of expansion of the supercritical biomasssolutiontobeloWcarbondioxide’ssupercritical pressure. An optional step of performing carbon dioxide sequestration can be achieved at various points throughout thebiomassconversionsystem(onesuchsequestrationpoint is folloWing the expansion of the biomass solution to beloW the point at Which a signi?cant Water vapor component exists, Which is largely a function of the post-ScCO2 step as knoWn intheartrangingfromchemicalreactionsproducing carbonate products to polymerization. The introduction of the intermediary expansion stage enables the Water to be isolated from the biomass solution as a further means of controlling the conversion rate of the biomass to fuel. [0123] SeparatingcomponentsWithinthebiomasssolu tion is achieved by means including at least one method selected from the group consisting of nano?ltration, decant ing of immiscible solution components, or combinations thereof. Each expansion stage has the further inclusion of energy extraction devices to produce mechanical or electri cal energy and/or preceded respectively by ?ltration means as knoWn in the art. [0124] One exemplary layout is shoWn in FIG. 4 that discloses the multiple areas Where heat transfer ?uids through heat exchangers are in ?uid communication betWeen a biomass fuel conversion pretreatment process and an absorption heat pump system. The series of steps having heat transfer include: a) biomass is combined With ionic liquid into a biomass solution 300; b) Pretreatment step including raising the temperature and pressure of the solu tion by thermal means 310; c) Heat recovery 320 from the post pretreatment solution utilized as at least the ?rst stage of providing thermal energy (heat source 360) for the absorption heat pump generator 380; d) Expansion through energy extraction device 330 of the pretreatment solution folloWedby?ltration/separationofthebyproducts60,Which canalternativelybepriortotheexpansionstep;ande)Heat recovery 350 from the end product of the pretreatment biomass solution through a heat exchanger as a heat sink 420 Which is utilized to preheat the biomass as a means ofPDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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