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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 reducing thermal energy requirements, and additionally pre heating biomass from thermal energy recovered from the absorption heat pump absorber 410 Which also includes heat of absorption in addition to thermal energy transferred duringtheabsorptioncoolingevaporator/energyexpansion device70transferredthroughaheatexchangerheatsink370 knoWn intheart.Absorptionheatpumps, asknoWn inthe art, have a series of heat exchangers for heat recovery 390 as a means of increasing the cooling Coe?icient of Perfor mance, including pre-cooling of the desorbed gas With heat recoverytopreheatthestrongsolutionpriortoreachingthe generator 380. disrupt the complex intermolecular hydrogen bonding net Work present in many polysaccharides and promote their dissolution. [0128] HighValueCo-ProductsiAnotherembodimentis comprised of a means to alter the composition of the protein fraction Within the biomass solution. Particularly the protein fraction is preferentially hydrolyzed into branched chain amino acids and peptides. [0129] A particularly preferred pretreatment process occurs at temperatures Where the protein fraction of the biomass solution is subjected to minimal denaturing. The utilization of enzymes to concurrently hydrolyze cellulose, hemicellulose,andlignincelluloseWithproteinhydrolysisis a unique approach. The processing of proteins to protein hydrolysates, free amino acids, or peptides When combined With electron transfer mediators serves the dual role of debittering the resulting protein hydrolysates, free amino acids,orpeptidesafterservingtheroleofenhancingtherate ofhydrolysisduringthepretreatmentprocess.Thisdualrole has the further advantage of not requiring extraction of the electron transfer mediator, When such electron transfer mediator is a food grade ingredient. [0125] AnotherexemplarylayoutisshoWninFIG.5that also discloses the multiple areas Where heat transfer ?uids through heat exchangers are in ?uid communication betWeen a biomass fuel conversion pretreatment process and an absorption heat pump system. The series of steps having heat transfer include: a) Biomass is combined With ionic liquid into a biomass solution 300 after being preheated by heat removed from the absorber of the absorption heat thermodynamic cycle 410 via heat recovery heat exchanger (heatsink420);b)Pretreatmentstepincluding?rststageof further raising the temperature and pressure of the solution by thermal means 370 and other catalytic or enzymatic processing as a means of transforming the biomass to a series of byproducts as knoWn in the art for ultimate con version to fuel; c) Biomass solution temperature is further raised by thermal means 360 into the generator/desorber 380; d) biomass pretreatment byproducts are isolated 60 from the desorbed ScCO2 utilizing means knoWn in the art; e) heat recovery 390 from the desorbed ScCO2, Which servesasprecoolingtheScCO2 subsequentlytransferring the thermal energy to the second stage of preheating the biomass solution Within the pretreatment process 310; and theabsorptionthermodynamiccycleiscompletedthrough transfermediators,electrondonorsincludinglacticacid, anexpansionstageWhereintheScCO2 convertsthethermal energy to mechanical or electrical energy via energy extrac tion device 70 as knoWn in the art. [0126] Thefurtherintegrationofsolarconcentrationand ?at panel as a thermal source With the supercritical biomass solution and a photocatalytic step, such as including Ciba® TINOLUX® BBS intoasupercriticalsolarconcentrator(or supercritical solar ?at panel) yields a highly e?icient and reactive photocatalytic system. The result is a hybrid pho tovoltaic system and biomass fuel, Without being bound by theory,thatachievesthehighe?iciencyconversionoflocal ized electrons to achieve oxidation degradation of biomass. [0127] Anexemplaryionicliquidfortheinventivebiom ass conversion system is the use of the same ionic liquid utilized in the study of fruit ripening by high-resolution CNMR spectroscopy:‘green’solventsmeetgreenbananas” by Diego A. Fort, Richard P. SWatloski, Patrick Moyna, Robin D. Rogers, and Guillermo Moyna, received (in Columbia, Mo., USA) 23 Oct. 2005, accepted 15 Dec. 2005, and?rstpublishedasanAdvanceArticleontheWeb 19Jan. 2006 Wherein banana pulps at any ripening stage Were completely dissolved, Which is in the IL l-n-butyl-3-meth ylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl. lLs are capable of dissolving carbohydrates ranging from simple sugars to polysaccharides. Without being bound by theory, the non hydrated chloride ions solvate carbohydrates by forming hydrogen bonds With their hydroxyl groups that in turn mineral ions selected from the group consisting of calcium, ferrous, cupric, manganous, and magnesium (enhancing electron transfer and impacting taste receptors). The biom ass source is a feedstock selected from the group consisting of distiller’s dried grain With solubles, corn, sWitchgrass, oat, and rice. Yet another embodiment is the isolation of proteinfractionsbyenablingmembrane?ltrationsystemsto effectively operate at pressures greater than the membrane design pressure as a means of increasing isolation e?iciency. Thus the membrane ?ltration system is further comprised of a detector/controller to maintain the pressure across a micro ?ltrationornano?ltrationmembrane asameans ofisolating protein fractions including protein hydrolysates, amino acids, and peptides Wherein the pressure across the micro ?ltration or nano?ltration membrane is a pressure di?feren tial, and Wherein the pressure differential is less than maxi mummicro?ltrationornano?ltrationmembraneoperating pressure. 1. A biomass solution comprised of a pretreatment solu tion, Wherein the pretreatment solution comprises at least one Working ?uid selected from the group consisting of liquid ionic phosphates, polyammonium ionic liquid sul fonamides, and poly(ionic liquids), and combinations thereof. 2. The biomass solution according to claim 1 Wherein the Working ?uid is further comprised of at least one gas selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. [0130] Thespeci?callypreferredmethodofprocessinga biomass solution is further comprised of debittering addi tives having both the ability to reduce the bitter taste of the free amino acids and peptides, and increasing the rate of at least one reaction selected from the group consisting of cellulose hydrolysis, protein hydrolysis, lignincellulose hydrolysis, electrochemical reduction of biomass conver sion byproducts including carbon dioxide, electrochemical biodigestion, and electrochemical oxidation of biomass solution.Additionaldualpurposeadditives(debitteringand enhancing biomass conversion) additives include trehalose (provide thermal stability to enzymes and proteins), electronPDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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