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US 2007/0161095A1 Jul.12,2007 3. The biomass solution according to claim 1 further comprised of enzymes having at least hydrolyZing function selected from the group consisting of cellulose, hemicellu lose,lignincellulose,andproteinhydrolysis. 4. The biomass solution according to claim 3 Wherein the enZymes are immobilized to the at least one Working ?uid. 5. The biomass solution according to claim 4 Wherein the biomass solution is further comprised of microWave irradia tion to increase the hydrolysis rate by a minimum of about 10% andWhereinthebiomass solutionhydrolysistempera ture is at least 5 degrees Fahrenheit loWer than the pretreat ment process void of microWave irradiation. 6. A biomass solution comprised of a pretreatment solu tion, Wherein the pretreatment solution is comprised of an absorption heat pump having at least one Working ?uid component in ?uid communication With the pretreatment process, Wherein the at least one Working ?uid component is either the absorption heat pump refrigerant or refrigerant absorbent, and Wherein the at least one Working ?uid increases the biomass surface area in the pretreatment pro cess. 7. The biomass solution according to claim 6 Wherein the absorptionheatpump refrigerantremovesmoisturefromthe biomass solution. 8. A biomass solution comprised of at least one ?rst Working ?uid A1 component from a biomass to biofuel conversion process in ?uid communication With a biomass to biodiesel conversion process. 9. The biomass solution according to claim 8 Wherein the atleastone?rstWorking?uidA1 componentisabyproduct of the biodiesel conversion process including glycerine or glycerol, and decreases the biomass moisture content of the biomass to biofuel conversion process. 10. The biomass solution according to claim 9, further comprised of a regeneration process to remove moisture fromtheatleastone?rstWorking?uidA1 component,and Wherein the regeneration process utiliZes recovered Waste heat from an at least one second Working ?uid A2 compo nent in ?uid communication With both biomass to biofuel conversion process and biomass to biodiesel conversion processes. 11. The biomass solution according to claim 8, further comprisedofapoWergenerationcycletoproduceelectricity utiliZed for at least one function selected from the group consisting of microWave irradiation, electrochemical reduc tion, and electrolysis. 12. The biomass solution according to claim 8, further comprised of an electrochemical reduction process to con vert carbon dioxide byproduct of the biomass to biofuel conversion process into an input for the biomass to biofuel conversion process. 13. The biomass solution according to claim 8, further comprised of carbonate solvents as a means of increasing the electrical conductivity and decreasing the at least one Work ing?uidviscosity. 14. The biomass solution according to claim 12 Wherein the carbon dioxide byproduct is absorbed by at least one Working ?uid A1. 15. The biomass solution according to claim 14 Wherein the carbon dioxide byproduct absorbed by the at least one Working ?uid A1 is further processed by means including reactionsofpolymeriZingcarbondioxide,carbonatesynthe sis, or electrochemical reduction to methane. 16. A biomass solution comprised of a pretreatment solution, Wherein the pretreatment solution is comprised of at least one step selected from the group consisting of electrochemical, electrolysis, electrocatalytic, and photo catalyticprocessstep,andWhereinthepretreatmentsolution is comprised of at least one Working ?uid additive selected from the group combination of nanoscale conductors and semi-conductors as a means of increasing quantum mean freepath,ionicliquids,liquidionicphosphatespolyammo niumionicliquidsulfonamides,quantumdots,copper,Fe2+ ions, iron-sulfur cluster, or electrides. 17. The biomass solution according to claim 16, further comprised of a process step to remove sources of electron donors prior to hydrolysis including lignin, antioxidants, polyphenols, and aromatic compounds. 18. The biomass solution according to claim 16, further comprised of at least one Working ?uid additive selected from the group consisting of electron transfer mediator includingironsalts,derivativesofironsalts,potassiumsalts, lacticacidsalts,derivativesofpotassiumsalts,derivativesof lacticacidsalts,phyticacid,galicacid,potassiumferricya nide,polyoxometalates,violuricacid,polycationicprotein, thialoto-bridged complexes, thiolated complexes, metallo proteins, protein complexes having an iron-sulfur cluster, trehalose complexes, iron-sulfur cluster, sodium-ammonia, sulfur-ammonia, a chitosan complex including chitosan lac tate, chitosan alpha lipoic acid, and thiolated chitosan, nanoscale catalyst, electrocatalyst, photocatalyst, electron donor, electron acceptor, ultraviolet absorber, infrared absorber, quantum dot, nanoscale poWder, enhancing elec tron transfer including iron salts, derivatives of iron salts, potassium salts, lactic acid salts, derivatives of potassium salts,derivativesoflacticacidsalts,phyticacid,gallicacid and combinations thereof. 19. The biomass solution according to claim 16, further comprised of a control system With non-linear algorithms capable of determining the maximum operating revenue in real-timebymonitoringatleastoneparameterselectedfrom the group consisting of cost and price of electricity, cooling costandpriceperbtu,heatingcostandpriceperbtu,carbon dioxideemissioncredits,costandpriceofmethanolperbtu, costandpriceofresultingbiofuelsperbtu,conversionfactor of electricity for electrochemical reactions, and operating parameters of a reverse fuel cell for electrochemical reduc tion of at least one component of the biomass solution. 20.A biomasssolutioncomprisedofahydrolysisprocess, Wherein the hydrolysis process is terminated Within a rapid expansionstepfurthercontainedWithinanenergyextraction device including gerotor, pressure exchanger, and quasitur bine, or a microchannel device having channels less than 10 microns as a means of reducing precipitated cellulose. 21. The biomass solution according to claim 20 Wherein the rapid expansion step occurs in a series of independent pressure drop stages comprised of at least a ?rst pressure drop stage and a second pressure drop stage. 22. The biomass solution according to claim 21, further comprised of at least one Working ?uid having a pressure greater than the at least one Working ?uid’s supercritical pressure. 23. The biomass solution according to claim 21 Wherein the ?rst pressure drop stage has a pressure beloW at least one Working ?uid’s supercritical pressure. 24. The biomass solution according to claim 21 Wherein the biomass solution is infused With at least one WorkingPDF Image | United States Patent Application Publication US2007 0161095A1
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